Evaluating the Distribution of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Rice Paddy Lysimeter with an Andosol

Eun, Heesoo; Yamazaki, Eriko; Taniyasu, Sachi; Noborio, Kosuke; Yamashita, Nami

doi:10.3390/ijerph191610379

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(18 reference statements)

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“…As observed previously, despite being industrially used as a short-chain alternative to PFOA, GenX still has similar properties that make it unsafe for the environment. are consistent with the present ooded soil conditions, have determined that due to their high mobility in water, short-chain PFAS like GenX are likely to leach into groundwater systems, thereby reducing their availability for plant uptake (Eun et al 2022). This explains our observation that less GenX accumulated in the shoots of rice grown in ooded soil.…”

Section: Genx Distribution Coe Cientsupporting

confidence: 85%

GenX uptake by wheat and flooded and non-flooded rice: greenhouse experiment.

Zbedy,

Müller,

Kindness

et al. 2023

Preprint

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GenX (hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid) belongs to the group of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) compounds introduced to replace perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), which has been phased out in industrial and consumer product formulations. While GenX has been investigated in lab animals, there is limited information available regarding its uptake and translocation in wheat and rice. This study reports on a greenhouse experiment in which wheat and rice grown under flooded and non-flooded conditions were exposed to two GenX concentrations in the soil (0.4 mg kg− 1 and 2 mg kg− 1). GenX was analysed in the soil, porewater and shoots using targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Extractable organic fluorine (EOF) was determined using high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR GFMAS). Results showed that different species took up different amounts of GenX. The GenX in rice shoots was found to be 2.34 (± 0.45) µg g− 1 and 4.11 (± 0.87) µg g− 1 under flooded and non-flooded conditions, respectively, at a low exposure level. At high exposure, the GenX concentrations in flooded and non-flooded rice shoots increased threefold to 10.4 (± 0.41) and 13.4 (± 0.72) µg g− 1, respectively. Wheat shoots showed similar concentrations and increases between low- and high-level exposure. The translocation factor was significantly higher (P = 0.013) in non-flooded rice compared to flooded rice. The GenX bioaccumulation behaviours under the same culture conditions (e.g. temperature, humidity, light, same GenX concentration in the soil) were significantly different in non-flooded and flooded rice (P < 0.001). Non-flooded rice plants displayed a higher level of GenX bioaccumulation than flooded ones. Following exposure to GenX, flooded rice plants showed a reduction in biomass (25%) compared to the control plants (P < 0.014). Our findings indicate that GenX is a bioaccumulative compound, the presence of which likely inhibits the growth of plants.

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Section: Genx Distribution Coe Cientsupporting

confidence: 85%

GenX uptake by wheat and flooded and non-flooded rice: greenhouse experiment.

Zbedy,

Müller,

Kindness

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…Andosols (volcanic ash soils) dominate approximately 47% of agricultural land in Japan and are characteristic of a high carbon content . The TC content of the cultivated soil in tthis study was 3.8%, which is typical of Andosol (Figure and Table S5).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…Andosols (volcanic ash soils) dominate approximately 47% of agricultural land in Japan and are characteristic of a high carbon content. 44 The TC content of the cultivated soil in tthis study was 3.8%, which is typical of Andosol (Figure 1 and Table S5). A recent review by Lesmeister et al (2021) indicated that the use of organic solvents for soil extraction creates uncertainties in the estimation of bioaccumulation factors.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Residue Distribution and Daily Exposure of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Indica and Japonica Rice

Yamazaki

Eun

Taniyasu

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have excellent chemical stability but have adverse environmental impacts of concern. Furthermore, bioaccumulation of PFAS in rice varietieswhich is the essential staple food crop in Asiahas not been verified. Therefore, we cultivated Indica (Kasalath) and Japonica rice (Koshihikari) in the same Andosol (volcanic ash soil) paddy field and analyzed the air, rainwater, irrigated water, soil, and rice plants for 32 PFAS residues, throughout the cultivation to human consumption. During the rice cultivation period, the cultivation environment in atmospheric particulate matter (PM) constituted perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), with minimal perfluorinated sulfonic acids (PFSAs). Furthermore, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) migrates at a PM > 10 to drop in a cultivation field and was conducive to leakage and accumulation of PFCAs in air particles in the field environment. Moreover, precipitation was a sources of irrigation water contamination, and cultivated soil with a high carbon content could capture PFSAs and PFCAs (over C10). There were no major differences in residual PFAS trends in the rice varieties, but the distribution of PFAS in the growing soil, air, and rainwater differed. The edible white rice part was mainly affected by irrigation water in both varieties. Monte Carlo simulations of daily exposure assessments of PFOS, PFOA, and perfluorononanic acid showed similar results for Indians consuming Indica rice and Japanese consuming Japonica rice. The results indicate that the ultratrace PFAS residue concentrations and their daily exposure were not cultivar-specific.

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“…Thus, uptake and bioaccumulation does not only depend on GenX properties and chemical characteristics but also on plant species and its capacity for bioaccumulation. As Doucette et al ( 2018 ) noted that the differences in PFAS uptake among species are due to varying biotransformation capacities, rates of dissipation, ease of root uptake and temperature. Further, Zhao et al ( 2016 ) found that uptake of PFCA by wheat increased by 1.5- to 2.3-fold when the temperature increased from 20 to 30 °C.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GenX uptake by wheat and rice in flooded and non-flooded soils: a greenhouse experiment

Al Zbedy,

Müller,

Kindness

et al. 2023

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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GenX (hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid) belongs to the group of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) compounds introduced to replace perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), which has been phased out in industrial and consumer product formulations. While GenX has been investigated in lab animals, there is limited information available regarding its uptake and translocation in wheat and rice. This study reports on a greenhouse experiment in which wheat and rice grown under flooded and non-flooded conditions were exposed to two GenX concentrations in the soil (0.4 mg kg−1 and 2 mg kg−1). GenX was analysed in the soil, porewater and shoots using targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Extractable organic fluorine (EOF) was determined using high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-GFMAS) instrument. Results showed that different species took up different amounts of GenX. The GenX concentration in rice shoots was found to be 2.34 (± 0.45) and 4.11 (± 0.87) μg g−1 under flooded and non-flooded conditions, respectively, at a low exposure level. At high exposure, the GenX concentrations in flooded and non-flooded rice shoots increased threefold to 10.4 (± 0.41) and 13.4 (± 0.72) μg g−1, respectively. Wheat shoots showed similar concentrations and increases between low- and high-level exposure. The translocation factor was significantly higher (P = 0.013) in non-flooded rice compared to flooded rice. The GenX bioaccumulation behaviours under the same culture conditions (e.g. temperature, humidity, light, same GenX concentration in the soil) were significantly different in non-flooded and flooded rice (P < 0.001). Non-flooded rice plants displayed a higher level of GenX bioaccumulation than flooded ones. Following exposure to GenX, flooded rice plants showed a reduction in biomass (25%) compared to the control plants (P < 0.014). Our findings indicate that GenX is a bioaccumulative compound, the presence of which likely inhibits the growth of plants.

show abstract

Evaluating the Distribution of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Rice Paddy Lysimeter with an Andosol

Cited by 5 publications

References 18 publications

GenX uptake by wheat and flooded and non-flooded rice: greenhouse experiment.

GenX uptake by wheat and flooded and non-flooded rice: greenhouse experiment.

Residue Distribution and Daily Exposure of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Indica and Japonica Rice

GenX uptake by wheat and rice in flooded and non-flooded soils: a greenhouse experiment

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