Current applications of platelet gels in wound healing—A review

Abstract

Human platelets play important roles in several physiologic and pathologic processes.Platelet concentrates are activated with thrombin or calcium, resulting in a viscous coagulum (platelet gel [PG]), composed of 95% platelets at least. PG is increasingly used for the treatment of a variety of soft and hard tissue defects, most notably in the management of chronic non-healing wounds. During wound healing, platelets not only play a critical role in primary hemostasis and thrombosis, but also release growth factors and cytokines to promote tissue regeneration, enhance collagen synthesis, and trigger an immune response. This review addresses a variety of aspects relevant to the functions of well-known platelet growth factors, animal and clinical studies of PG in the last decade, and different sources of platelets for PG. PG is used for nonhealing chronic wounds, such as oral ulcerations related to epidermolysis bullosa and chronic graft-versus-host disease, for those, the traditional treatment effect is poor.PG maybe provide a new therapeutic direction for these diseases. Nevertheless, some uncertainty is present, the number of clinical studies is not enough. Hence, randomized controlled trials are still required to study the potential of the use of PG in the near future. K E Y W O R D Splatelet gel, platelet growth factor, platelet-rich plasma, wound healing | INTRODUCTIONOver the past three decades, extensive cellular and molecular details were elucidated regarding the regulation of cutaneous wound healing. 1,2 Although platelets are fundamental components of the hemostatic response to vessel damage. It is worth noting that platelet rich plasma (PRP) gel/platelet gel (PG) is increasingly used for the treatment of a variety of soft and hard tissue defects, most notably in the management of chronic non-healing wounds and in accelerating bone formation. [3][4][5][6][7][8] Wound healing is a very intricate process involving the complex interplay of numerous humoral factors and cells. PG as a new application was proposed during the last 30 years, to favour wound healing through the growth factors (GFs) released by platelets during clotting. Platelet concentrates are activated with thrombin or calcium, which induces the release of GFs and also fibrin generation, resulting in a viscous coagulum (PG), composed of 95% platelets at least. 9 A wound is defined as damage or disruption to the normal anatomical structure and function, and it may cause damage in other structures such as tendons, muscles, vessels, nerves, parenchymal

An injectable thermosensitive hydrogel with a self-assembled peptide coupled with an antimicrobial peptide for enhanced wound healing

“…[1][2][3] As the skin is injured, the phenomena of bleeding and microorganism invasion are inevitable, which critically lead to wound infection, disrupting the self-healing mechanism of normal skin or endangering human lives. [4][5][6] Therefore, many significant efforts have been devoted to developing a multifunctional wound dressing aimed at infection control, efficient hemostasis and excellent would healing. 7,8 Selecting an excellent would dressing to meet the specific needs of different stages of healing is an important target.…”

Reinforced Blood-Derived Protein Hydrogels Enable Dual-Level Regulation of Bio-Physiochemical Microenvironments for Personalized Bone Regeneration with Remarkable Enhanced Efficacy

“…12,14 As for transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), it can not only regulate the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts but also activate related signaling pathways to promote both the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts and the proliferation of the osteoblast. 15,16 For insulin-like growth factor (IGF), it can promote the expression of alkaline phosphatase, Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), and osteopontin in stem cells, which show positive effects on the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. 15,17 Moreover, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) can promote angiogenesis, improve blood supply, and facilitate osteogenesis at the site of bone defects.…”

“…15,16 For insulin-like growth factor (IGF), it can promote the expression of alkaline phosphatase, Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), and osteopontin in stem cells, which show positive effects on the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. 15,17 Moreover, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) can promote angiogenesis, improve blood supply, and facilitate osteogenesis at the site of bone defects. 15 However, these growth factors in blood-derived protein are not specific for bone.…”

“…15,17 Moreover, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) can promote angiogenesis, improve blood supply, and facilitate osteogenesis at the site of bone defects. 15 However, these growth factors in blood-derived protein are not specific for bone. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) also clearly demonstrated that PRF notably promoted soft tissue repair, but the effects of PRF on bone regeneration was ambiguous.…”

“…Among them, there are a variety of autologous growth factors that play important roles in bone regeneration. For instance, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) can promote osteoblast DNA synthesis, cell replication, collagen, and noncollagen proteins synthesis. , In addition, PDGF can also promote the proliferation of vascular endothelium and induce the mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). , As for transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), it can not only regulate the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts but also activate related signaling pathways to promote both the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts and the proliferation of the osteoblast. , For insulin-like growth factor (IGF), it can promote the expression of alkaline phosphatase, Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), and osteopontin in stem cells, which show positive effects on the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. , Moreover, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) can promote angiogenesis, improve blood supply, and facilitate osteogenesis at the site of bone defects . However, these growth factors in blood-derived protein are not specific for bone.…”