“…Various analytical instruments based on mass spectrometry, voltammetry, optical spectrometry, and biosensing were reported for the detection of FQs, with excellent sensitivity and accuracy. − However, few methods were suitable for the simultaneous identification and discrimination of derivatives of FQs, and the complicated matrices in food samples usually resulted in high background signals and serious interference for developing sensitive discrimination assays. To avoid these issues, separation and extraction sciences, such as high-performance liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, and solid-phase extraction, were developed as sample pretreatment methods for the enrichment and purification of FQs. , However, these methods required specialized and well-trained technicians, complicated sample pretreatment processes, and large amounts of organic solvents.…”