Current advances in immunoassays for the detection of antibiotics residues: a review

Abstract

Food contamination with antibiotic residues has become a worldwide problem due to the heavy and improper use of antibiotics. The development of fast, high-throughput, easy, and economical screening methods for the detection of antibiotic residues is an important requirement as an alternative to the traditional assays. Immunoassays are widespread promising methods that can achieve the conditions of an analytical method in the evaluation of food and environmental protection. This review offers an overview of the preparation of antibodies and the currently established immuneassays for the antibiotic residues detection, including enzymelinked immunosorbent assay, fluorescence immunoassay, radioimmunoassay, colloidal gold immunoassay, and chemiluminescence immunoassay. Furthermore, it will elaborate on the future perspective on the performance and improvement of these assays for the determination of antibiotic residues in food samples. These assays include a simple sample preparation and high-sensitive detection that offer a significant assurance for the screening of antibiotic residues.

COVID-19 Diagnostic Strategies Part II: Protein-Based Technologies

“…EIA variants including particularly Chemiluminescence Immunoassays (CLIA) and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are frequently being employed for COVID-19 detection; they are also the routine serological methods for convalescence prediction and quantifying materials including antibodies and hormones. All of the immunoassays in this category take advantage of the affinity between antigens and specific antibodies with enzyme-based labels usually immobilized on the microplate surface [ 33 ].…”

“…This technology is known as a sensitive method to detect the small amounts of proteins with a high throughput; however, there might be some problems during the measurement or compound solubility. The main drawbacks of this strategy are being complex and costly compared with other serological tests [ 33 ]. The proposed CLIA-based diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2 detection have mainly used viral N or S antigens or a combination of them [ 36 ].…”

“…On the other hand, some challenges such as sample preparation, requiring high sample volume, probability of false positives, antibody variability, manual procedures and high workload, probable cross-reactions along the duration of the tests have limited their applications, especially as rapid POC tests. Requiring trained personnel and delivery of the samples to the specialized labs make these tests even more time and labour-consuming and costly [ 33 ]. Although laboratories widely employ ELISA for coronavirus 2019 detection, only a few numbers of commercialized kits are based on this strategy which may be resulted from these limitations.…”

Towards Fully Integrated Portable Sensing Devices for COVID-19 and Future Global Hazards: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Prospects

“…ELISA is widely used as a high-throughput laboratory-based technology, employing two different antibodies specific to the target biomarker, a primary detection antibody and a second enzyme-labelled antibody, such as the anti-Nucleocapsid specific antibody, for COVID-19 detection. Enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP) are used for activation of a substrate material such as PNPP (p-Nitrophenyl Phosphate, Disodium Salt) in the solution and emitting signals from it [ 47 , 48 ]. In general, ELISA test kits demonstrate a higher sensitivity (and specificity) in comparison with LFIA test kits.…”

A specific monoclonal antibody for chlortetracycline detection in milk and honey samples based on ELISA

“…The occurrence of antibiotic residue in food-producing animals may cause the improper and excessive use of antibiotics or the insufficient length of withdrawal periods. These occurrences have become a growing problem and may have been adverse effects on human health, including allergic reactions, disruption of normal intestinal human flora, blood dyscrasias, cancer and the development of antimicrobial resistance (Ahmed et al, 2020;Baynes et al, 2016;Hao et al, 2014). Due to this concern over food safety and consumer health, maximum residue limits (MRLs) for the tetracyclines have been established by Codex Alimentarius.…”