Curing of a Bisphenol E Based Cyanate Ester Using Magnetic Nanoparticles as an Internal Heat Source through Induction Heating

Abstract

We report on the control of cyclotrimerization forming a polycyanurate polymer using magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in an alternating-current (ac) field as an internal heat source, starting from a commercially available monomer. Magnetic nanoparticles were dispersed in the monomer and catalytic system using sonication, and the mixture was subjected to an alternating magnetic field, causing the magnetic nanoparticles to dissipate the energy of the magnetic field in the form of heat. Internal heating of the particle/monomer/catalyst system was sufficient to start and sustain the polymerization reaction, producing a cyanate ester network with conversion that compared favorably to polymerization through heating in a conventional laboratory oven. The two heating methods gave similar differential scanning calorimetry temperature profiles, conversion rates, and glass transition temperatures when using the same temperature profile. The ability of magnetic nanoparticles in an ac field to drive the curing reaction should allow for other reactions forming high-temperature thermosetting polymers and for innovative ways to process such polymers.

Fluorine free TiO2/cyanate ester coated cotton fabric with low surface free energy and rough surface for durable oil–water separation

“…Cyanate ester (CE) are an advanced thermoset resins, which succeeds other thermoset resins (e.g., epoxy, bismaleimide) in terms of properties like low water absorption, thermal stability and non-toxic nature (Corley et al 2014;Chen et al 2015;Peng et al 2016). Cyanate ester on thermal curing forms polycyanurate matrix through the formation of nitrogen rich triazine rings and thus offers higher temperature capability (Hubbard et al 2013). The presence of symmetric C-H linkages and the absence of hydrogen bonds favours low polarity, which in turn results low moisture absorption (Tsiamis et al 2019;Gouthaman et al 2019;Cherukattu Gopinathapanicker et al 2020).…”

Inductive Heating Using a High-Magnetic-Field Pulse to Initiate Chemical Reactions to Generate Composite Materials

“…Induction heating (IH) is used in industry, medicine, household, et cetera [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40]. As non-ionizing radiation it is applied to trigger or to control physical processes and chemical reactions (see Figure 1).…”

“…In applying IH, no direct contact, e.g., to heating plates, is required [11]. IH can be considered as an alternative technology to thermal or radiation processing of plastics and polymers [16].…”

“…To the best of our knowledge, polymerization reactions for curing processes are the most common fields to initiate a chemical reaction by IH. The polymerization reaction can be performed to cure high-temperature thermosets [11,16] as well as for polymerization reactions at relatively low temperatures [15,16,17,26,27]. A further application was published about the decomposition of an organic compound to release nitrogen gas [18].…”

Study on the Relationships between Microscopic Cross-Linked Network Structure and Properties of Cyanate Ester Self-Reinforced Composites

“…Curing is induced by heat or suitable radiation and may be promoted by high pressure or with a catalyst [6]. Latest research also include using magnetic nanoparticles [7] and ionic liquid [8]. It results in chemical reactions that create extensive cross-linked between polymer chains to produce an infusible and insoluble polymer network that imparts properties such as electrical insulation, corrosion resistance and high-temperature resistance to composite materials.…”