“…Brachytherapy has been widely used as an efficient therapeutic modality against prostate carcinoma due to its unique advantage of long-term and durable radiation effect by placing the radiation source directly inside the tumor. [1][2][3][4] The implanted radiation source, containing different formations, such as colloids, seeds, and containers, can deliver a signicantly higher radiation dose to the prostate carcinoma with mitigated side-effects to the surrounding normal tissues compared to the traditional external radiation therapy. To increase the accuracy of radiation source placement and ensure that the tumor can receive efficient concentration and distribution of seeds throughout the prostate tumor, the in situ ultrasound imaging was generally applied, by which the catheter can be monitored to guide the implanting process.…”