“…However, with the implementation of this approach, specific relations between risk factors-alone or in combination-and child outcomes cannot be detected. Large longitudinal studies adopt this second approach when analyzing the influence of a cumulative risk index on different child outcomes, including the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten (ECLS-K; e.g., Rathbun et al, 2005;West et al, 2000), the Effective Provision of Preschool Education Project (EPPE; e.g., Hall et al, 2010;, the National Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project (e.g., Mistry et al, 2010), the National Institute of Child Health and Youth Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (NICHD Study; e.g., Dearing, McCartney, & Taylor, 2009), and others (e.g., Brown & Ackerman, 2011;Burchinal et al, 2000;Chang, Shelleby, Cheong, & Shaw, 2012;Miller et al, 2016;Sameroff, Seifer, Zax, & Barocas, 1987;Seifer et al, 1992). The primary result of this research is that multiple disadvantaged children had poorer outcomes than other non-or less disadvantaged children (for an overview, see Evans et al, 2013).…”