Cumulative Fading and Rainfall Distributions for a 2.1 km, 38 GHz, Vertically Polarized, Line-of-Sight Link

Forknall, N.; Cole, R.S.; Webb, David J.

doi:10.1109/tap.2008.919158

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…In other tropical regions, studies were accomplished in Singapore [55], India [56], and Australia [57]. In [55], the rain attenuation was measured over ten years in the tropical region of Singapore at 15, 21, and 38 GHz for a 1.1 km link.…”

Section: A Ku K and Ka-bandsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The measured rain attenuation in [56] was compared with the empirical formula of specific attenuation in [58]. In [57], the rainfall rate and rain attenuation were presented based on conducted measurements over one year at 38 GHz along a 2.1 km terrestrial link. The results in [57] showed a significant difference between the ITU-R P.530-11 [59] fading prediction and the measured data.…”

Section: A Ku K and Ka-bandsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Statistical Analysis of Rain at Millimeter Waves in Tropical Area

et al. 2020

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The high frequencies of millimeter wave (mm-wave) bands have been recognized for the fifth generation (5G) and beyond wireless communication networks. However, the radio propagation channel at high frequencies can be largely influenced by rain attenuation, especially in tropical regions with high rainfall intensity. In this paper, we present the results of rainfall intensity and rain attenuation in tropical regions based on one-year measurement campaign. The measurements were conducted from September 2018 until September 2019 at 21.8 GHz (K-band) and 73.5 GHz (E-band) in Malaysia. The rainfall intensity was collected using three rain gauges installed along a 1.8 km link. The rain attenuation is computed from the difference between the measured minimum received signal level (RSL) during clear sky and rain conditions. The measured rain rate and rain attenuation distributions are then analysed and benchmarked with several previous measurements and well-known prediction models such as the ITU-R P. 530-17. The rainfall rate results showed that the best agreement between the measured rainfall rate in Malaysia and the ITU-R PN.837-1 prediction value for Zone P is up to 0.01% of time (99.99% of time agrees well and only disagrees for 0.01% of time). For the E-band, the maximum measured rain attenuation exceeding 0.03% of the year is around 40.1 and 20 dB for 1.8 and 0.3 km links, respectively, at the maximum rain rate of 108 mm/h. For the K-band, the maximum rain attenuation exceeding 0.01% of the year is around 31 dB for the 1.8 km link. Finally, the rain rates exceeding 108 and 180 mm/h at 73.5 and 21.8 GHz, respectively, along the 1.8 km path caused an outage on our measurement setup. The rain rate of 193 mm/h and above caused an outage for the 0.3 km E-band link. The experimental data as well as the presented data analysis can be utilized for efficient planning and deployments of mm-wave wireless communication systems in tropical regions.

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Section: A Ku K and Ka-bandsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Ku K and Ka-bandsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Statistical Analysis of Rain at Millimeter Waves in Tropical Area

et al. 2020

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“…The concept of the effective path length was introduced because of the nonhomogeneity of rain along a propagation path length [ Crane , 1980, 1996; Moupfouma , 1984; Hall et al , 1996; International Telecommunication Union Radio Communication Sector ( ITU‐R ), 2007; Forknall and Webb , 2008]. This is done by multiplying the actual path length by a distance factor r known as the reduction factor.…”

Section: Theoretical Formulation Of the Rain Attenuation Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of rain attenuation from electromagnetic scattering by spherical raindrops: Theory and experiment

Odedina

Afullo

2010

Radio Sci.

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[1] The forward scattering amplitudes for the spherical raindrops are determined for all raindrop sizes at different frequencies by using the Mie scattering theory. The real parts of the extinction cross sections are used to generate power law models at different frequencies. These are integrated over different established raindrop-size distribution models to formulate rain attenuation models. Using the developed rain attenuation models with 5 year rain rate statistics at R 0.01 determined in previous work, the specific rain attenuation is computed. The experimental results obtained from the horizontally polarized signal level measurements recorded in Durban for different rain attenuation bounds are compared with the theoretical results. Finally, the best theoretical model is used to estimate the seasonal cumulative distribution of rain attenuation for Durban, South Africa.Citation: Odedina, M. O., and T. J. Afullo (2010), Determination of rain attenuation from electromagnetic scattering by spherical raindrops: Theory and experiment, Radio Sci., 45, RS1003,

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“…Large signal attenuation can occur due to heavy rain and can severely affect the mmWave link quality. Modeling and measurements of mmWave attenuation due to rainfall for near-ground communication links have been addressed in recent studies and are considered very important topics [21][22][23][24][25][26]. A power law empirical mathematical model relating the rain rate and rain-induced signal attenuation is given by International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Recommendation P. 838-3 and other relevant papers [27][28][29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rainfall Monitoring Based on Next-Generation Millimeter-Wave Backhaul Technologies in a Dense Urban Environment

et al. 2020

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High-resolution and accurate rainfall monitoring is of great importance to many applications, including meteorology, hydrology, and flood monitoring. In recent years, microwave backhaul links from wireless communication networks have been suggested for rainfall monitoring purposes, complementing the existing monitoring systems. With the advances in microwave technology, new microwave backhaul solutions have been proposed and applied for 5G networks. Examples of the latest microwave technology include E-band (71–76 and 81–86 GHz) links, multi-band boosters, and line-of-sight multiple-input multiple-output (LOS-MIMO) backhaul links. They all rely on millimeter-wave (mmWave) technology, which is the fastest small-cell backhaul solution. In this paper, we will study the rain attenuation characteristics of these new microwave backhaul techniques at different mmWave frequencies and link lengths. We will also study the potential of using these new microwave solutions for rainfall monitoring. Preliminary results indicate that all the test mmWave links can be very effective for estimating the path-averaged rain rates. The correlation between the mmWave link measurement-derived rain rate and the local rain gauge is in the range of 0.8 to 0.9, showing a great potential to use these links for precipitation and flood monitoring in urban areas.

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Cumulative Fading and Rainfall Distributions for a 2.1 km, 38 GHz, Vertically Polarized, Line-of-Sight Link

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Statistical Analysis of Rain at Millimeter Waves in Tropical Area

Statistical Analysis of Rain at Millimeter Waves in Tropical Area

Determination of rain attenuation from electromagnetic scattering by spherical raindrops: Theory and experiment

Rainfall Monitoring Based on Next-Generation Millimeter-Wave Backhaul Technologies in a Dense Urban Environment

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