Cumulative adversity and drug dependence in young adults: racial/ethnic contrasts

Turner, R. Jay; Lloyd, Donald A.

doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00312.x

Cited by 158 publications

(147 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The alternative focus on individual adversities, as seen in the work of Brown and associates, raises parallel problems to the extent that contextual data at the individual level is not used to specify severity. Previous research has established that individual adversities differ in their impact for men and women and in relation to specific mental health conditions (Horwitz, White, & Howell-White, 1996) and for different racial and ethnic groups (Turner & Lloyd, 2003); identifying reference removed). Consistent with this evidence of variable impact, we found that child maltreatment variables, including sex abuse/assault, physical assault, physical abuse and serious neglect, are high impact events for both genders for depressive symptoms, but only for boys for delinquency.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent research has documented the strong association between cumulative childhood adversity (CCA) and a variety of mental health outcomes including: adult major depression and depressive symptoms (Chapman, Whitfield, Felitti, Dube, Edwards, & Anda, 2004;Hammen, Henry, & Daley, 2000;Turner & Butler, 2003;, adolescent depressive symptoms and anger/aggression (Turner, Finkelhor, & Ormrod, 2006), adolescent and adult suicide attempts (Dube, Anda, Felitti, Chapman, Williamson, & Giles, 2001), and alcohol and substance use (Dube, Anda, Felitti, Edwards, & Croft, 2002;Turner & Lloyd, 2003). This research has consistently demonstrated that the accumulation of childhood adversities is associated with poorer mental health in adolescence and adulthood…”

Section: Nih-pa Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, a handful of studies have aggregated conceptually similar events into separate cumulative adversity scores allowing the association with mental health outcomes to vary in statistical models (e.g., (Turner, Finkelhor, & Ormrod, 2006;Turner & Lloyd, 2003). Categorization based on adversity type did appear to result in varying strength of association between each index and mental health outcomes.…”

Section: Problems Of Measurement and Modeling Impactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The impact of cumulative childhood adversity on young adult mental health: Measures, models, and interpretations

Schilling

Aseltine

Gore

2008

Social Science & Medicine

254

216

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Research studies investigating the impact of childhood cumulative adversity on adult mental health have proliferated in recent years. In general, little attention has been paid to the operationalization of cumulative adversity, with most studies operationalizing this as the simple sum of the number of occurrences of distinct events experienced. In addition, the possibility that the mathematical relationship of cumulative childhood adversity to some mental health dimensions may be more complex than a basic linear association has not often been considered. This study explores these issues with 2 waves of data drawn from an economically and racially diverse sample transitioning to adulthood in Boston, USA. A diverse set of childhood adversities were reported in high school and 3 mental health outcomes--depressed mood, drug use, and antisocial behavior--were reported 2 years later during the transition to adulthood Our results suggest that both operationalization and statistical modeling are important and interrelated and, as such, they have the potential to influence substantive interpretation of the effect of cumulative childhood adversity on adult mental health. In our data, total cumulative childhood adversity was related to depressive symptoms, drug use, and antisocial behavior in a positive curvilinear manner with incremental impact increasing as adversities accumulate, but further analysis revealed that this curvilinear effect was an artifact of the confounding of high cumulative adversity scores with the experience of more severe events. Thus, respondents with higher cumulative adversity had disproportionately poorer mental health because of the severity of the adversities they were exposed to, not the cumulative number of different types of adversities experienced. These results indicate that public health efforts targeting prevention of childhood adversities would best be aimed at the most severe adversities in order to have greatest benefit to mental health in young adulthood. KeywordsUSA; cumulative adversity; transition to adulthood; depression; drug use; antisocial behavior; adolescents; mental healthCorresponding Author E-Mail: eschilling@uchc.edu. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. NIH Public Access NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptRecent research has documented the strong association between cumulative childhood adversity (CCA) and a variety of mental health outcomes including: adult major depression and depressive symptoms (Chapman, Whitfield, Felitti, Dube, Edwards, & Anda, 2004;Hammen, Henry, & ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nih-pa Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Problems Of Measurement and Modeling Impactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The impact of cumulative childhood adversity on young adult mental health: Measures, models, and interpretations

Schilling

Aseltine

Gore

2008

Social Science & Medicine

254

216

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“…Because of the lack of basic information on this population, we felt it was important to describe the extent to which youth experience specific developmental risks. Prior studies have considered anywhere from 5 to over 100 possible risk factors and vary widely in what variables are included (e.g., Forehand, Biggar, & Kotchick, 1998;Garmezy & Tellegen, 1984;Gest, Reed, & Masten, 1999;Gutman et al, 2003;Turner & Lloyd, 2003). The present study included measures of family, economic, and community risk factors comparable to those examined in prior research.…”

Section: Overview Of the Current Papermentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental risks and psychosocial adjustment among low-income Brazilian youth

Raffaelli

Koller

Cerqueira-Santos

et al. 2007

Develop. Psychopathol.

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Exposure to developmental risks in three domains~community, economic, and family!, and relations between risks and psychosocial well-being, were examined among 918 impoverished Brazilian youth aged 14-19 M ϭ 15.8 years, 51.9% female! recruited in low-income neighborhoods in one city in Southern Brazil. High levels of developmental risks were reported, with levels and types of risks varying by gender, age, and~to a lesser extent! race. Associations between levels of risks in the various domains and indicators of psychological~e.g., self-esteem, negative emotionality! and behavioral~e.g., substance use! adjustment differed for male and female respondents. Findings build on prior research investigating the development of young people in conditions of pervasive urban poverty and reinforce the value of international research in this endeavor.

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“…First, the hippocampus is involved in declarative memory processes (Eichenbaum et al, 1992). Declarative memory appears to be impaired, and associated with hippocampal volume, in patients with MDD (Clark et al, 2009;Turner and Lloyd, 2003). Second, the hippocampus is part of a larger neural circuit that includes limbic structures and the medial prefrontal cortex that may be central to the affective, emotional, and cognitive features of MDD (Clark et al, 2009;Drevets et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of Depressive Symptoms with Hippocampal Volume in 1936 Adults

Brown

Hughes

McColl

et al. 2013

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Hippocampal atrophy is reported in major depressive disorder (MDD). However, sample sizes were generally modest, and participant characteristics, including age, differed between studies. This study used a community sample to examine relationships between current depressive symptom severity and hippocampal volume across the adult lifespan. A total of 1936 adults with magnetic resonance images of the brain and Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self-Report (QIDS-SR) scores were included. Brain volumes were quantified using the FSL program. Multiple linear regressions were performed using left, right, and total hippocampal volume as criterion variables, and predictor variables of QIDS-SR total, total brain volume, age, gender, education, psychotropic medications, alcohol use, and race/ethnicity. Post hoc analyses were conducted in participants with QIDS-SR scores X11 (moderate or greater depressive symptom severity) and o11, and older and younger adults. In the primary analysis (sample as a whole) QIDS-SR was inversely associated with total hippocampal volume (b ¼ À 0.044, p ¼ 0.032, (CI À 0.019 to À 0.001)) but not with left or right hippocampal volume evaluated individually. In participants with QIDS-SR scores of o11, hippocampal volumes were not associated with QIDS-SR scores. In those with QIDS-SR scores X11 total, right, and left hippocampal volumes were modestly, but significantly, associated with QIDS-SR scores. The association between QIDS-SR scores and the hippocampal volume was much stronger in older persons. Findings suggest smaller hippocampal volumes among those with greater reported depressive symptom severity-an association that is strongest in people with at least moderate depressive symptom levels.

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Cumulative adversity and drug dependence in young adults: racial/ethnic contrasts

Abstract: Life-time cumulative exposure to distant as well as more recent adversity predicts risk of subsequent drug dependence, although it does not explain ethnic group differences in risk.

Cited by 158 publications

References 42 publications

The impact of cumulative childhood adversity on young adult mental health: Measures, models, and interpretations

The impact of cumulative childhood adversity on young adult mental health: Measures, models, and interpretations

Developmental risks and psychosocial adjustment among low-income Brazilian youth

Association of Depressive Symptoms with Hippocampal Volume in 1936 Adults

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