“…Japanese macaques' (Macaca fuscata ( ( ) washing of sandy food provides a key, although controversial, example of the spread of a novel foraging behavior that some assert is a result of social learning (Hirata, Watanabe, & Kawai, 2001;Kawai, 1965 havior of two or more individuals, although it has been argued that, like bird song, some primate foraging behaviors are complex and highly variable and contain arbitrary elements (Byrne, 2007). However, where acts are rewarded, a match in the behaviors of individuals will not be informative, because animals are likely to independently arrive at similar ways of doing things.…”