Culture and Self: Asian and Western Perspectives.

The lens of personhood: Viewing the self and others in a multicultural society.

“…Whereas value differences between individualist and collectivist cultures have been empirically established (e.g., Schwartz, 1990), more general characterizations of individualism and collectivism derive primarily from ethnographically based studies (Marsella, DeVos, & Hsu, 1985;Shweder & LeVine, 1984). The extent to which individualists and collectivists differ in the way they conceive of themselves and others is just beginning to be studied empirically.…”

The Chameleon Effect: The Relationship Between Imitation and Interdependence

“…Thus, interdependence-a self-construal characterized by being receptive to the behaviours, thoughts, and attitudes of others (Leung & Kim, 2007), may be investigated in correspondence with the chameleon effect. Cultural psychologists believe that self-construals affect the way individuals perceive themselves as well as others, and in turn, may influence behaviour (Markus & Kitayama, 1991;Marsella et al, 1985;Triandis et al, 1989). Those with interdependent self-construals tend to internalize the behaviour of others to strengthen the sense of belonging within groups (Leung & Kim, 2007).…”

“…A second explanation implies that interdependence may not play a role in the chameleon effect. The last explanation suggests that because interdependent individuals possess a high need for affiliation (Markus & Kitayama, 1991;Marsella et al, 1985;Triandis et al, 1989), perhaps, this need only influences rapport rather than imitation.…”

Introduction: Cultural diversity, contextualism, and feminist psychology.

“…For example, a plethora of studies indicate that the extended, sociocentric experience of the self (and its ethic of care) is the most prevalent way of experiencing the self among people of color (Heelas & Locke, 1981;Landrine, 1992;Shweder & Bourne, 1982). Specifically, data suggest that the extended or sociocentric self characterizes the experiences of Asian American men and women (e.g., DeVos, 1985;Marsella, DeVos, & Hsu, 1985), Native American men and women (e.g., Strauss, 1977), Latino men and women (e.g., Gaines, 1982), and African American men and women in particular (Haraway, 1986;Nobles, 1976;Stack, 1986). Can these data be integrated into a feminist psychology that regards the sociocentric self and its morality as inherently "womanly" experiences that stem from women's unique, early interactions with mothers (e.g., Bordo, 1986Bordo, , 1990Chodorow, 1978;Flax, 1986Flax, , 1990Gilligan, 1977;Lykes, 1985)?…”