Cultural heritage and the environment

Grieken, R. Van; Delalieux, Filip; Gysels, Kristin

doi:10.1351/pac199870122327

Cited by 43 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Aerosols containing sulphate ions are one of the causes of many environmental effects like Earth's temperature and climate change by sunlight backscattering [4,5], acidification of soil and water through wet and dry depositions [6], weathering of monuments and deterioration of museum objects [7]. Moreover they have adverse respiratory effects on human beings [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sulphur speciation of PM10 samples by XANES spectroscopy

Cozzi

Pellegrini²,

Adami

et al. 2009

Open Chemistry

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Sulphur K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy was used to identify sulphur compounds in PM10 samples collected simultaneously at two sites with different environmental situations in the province of Trieste (NE of Italy), during summer and winter seasons respectively. The first site is an industrial site located near a steel mill plant and the second is a coastal site. The sulphur speciation at the industrial site has shown the presence of the following sulphur compounds in both seasons: organic compounds (thiophenes or Polycyclic Aromatic Sulphur Heterocycles -PAHs) and sulphates while in the winter season sulphites were also present. In the coastal site organic compounds (thiophenes or PASHs) and sulphate were found during winter season, moreover bisulphates were found during summer season. Relative percentages of the different sulphur compounds have shown that sulphate is the most abundant form of sulphur in the industrial site samples during both seasons and in the coastal site sample collected during the winter season (> 98%); in the coastal site sample collected during the summer season the relative percentages of bisulphate and sulphate were around 40% and 60% respectively.. © Versita Warsaw and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sulphur speciation of PM10 samples by XANES spectroscopy

Cozzi

Pellegrini²,

Adami

et al. 2009

Open Chemistry

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“…Inside the terra-cotta statues, formation, accumulation, hydration, crystallization, dissolution, penetration, and recrystallization of gypsum may cause chemical and structural changes. The solubility of gypsum in water is higher than that of calcite (2.4 versus 0.014 g/L) (Van Grieken et al, 1998;Brimblecombe, 2003), which is an important component of terra-cotta statues (Zhang, 1998). According to records from 1989 and 1992, the daily averaged temperature fluctuated from -4.2°C to 32°C in Pit 1, with daily averaged RH from 35% to 92% (Zhang, 1998).…”

Section: S-containing Particlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Air pollution can cause chemical damage or soiling of surfaces due to particle deposition or absorption of gases (De Bock et al, 1995;Van Grieken et al, 1998). Damage also occurs when soiled objects are subjected to aggressive and frequent cleaning.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microanalysis of Dust Deposition inside Emperor Qin's Terra-Cotta Warriors and Horses Museum

Cao

Lee

et al. 2010

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Indoor dust deposition, including long-term (>10 years) deposition, short-term (~0.5 year) deposition, and pigment flake samples from partially restored warriors were collected in Emperor Qin's Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses Museum in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China. Morphological and elemental analyses of individual particles were performed with scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry to investigate their composition and potential to damage the statues. Most of the indoor dust was composed of clay minerals, fly ash, and biogenic particles. Particles in 51.5% of the short-term deposition, and 49.5% of the long-term deposition contained elemental sulfur. Particles which contained sulfur were mostly associated with calcium sulfate in an internally mixed state with clay or quartz. Crystals of calcium sulfate were also found near interconnected pits and cracks on the outer surface of pigment flakes, revealing an acidic chemical reaction between sulfur dioxide and pigment material or deposited particles as the cause of pits and cracks on the statues' faces.

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“…2 Once particles are deposited, their appearances and chemical interactions with the surface depend on their chemical composition and morphology. 3 Nazaroff et al and Camuffo have discussed in detail the deposition mechanisms of particles on vertical and horizontal surfaces.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Winter and Summer Characteristics of Airborne Particles Inside Emperor Qin's Terra-Cotta Museum, China: A Study by Scanning Electron Microscopy–Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry

Cao

et al. 2011

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Day-and nighttime total suspended particulate matter was collected inside and outside Emperor Qin's Terra-Cotta Museum in winter and summer 2008. The purpose was to characterize the winter and summer differences of indoor airborne particles in two display halls with different architectural and ventilation conditions, namely the Exhibition Hall and Pit No. 1. The morphology and elemental composition of two season samples were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. It is found that the particle size, particle mass concentration, and particle type were associated with the visitor numbers in the Exhibition Hall and with the natural ventilation in Pit No. 1 in both winter and summer. Evident winter and summer changes in the composition and physicochemical properties of the indoor suspended particulate matters were related to the source emission and the meteorological conditions. Particle mass concentrations in both halls were higher in winter than in summer. In winter, the size of the most abundant particles at the three sites were all between 0.5 and 1.0 mm, whereas in summer the peaks were all located at less than 0.5 mm. The fraction of sulfurcontaining particles was 2-7 times higher in winter than in summer. In addition to the potential soiling hazard, the formation and deposition of sulfur-containing particles in winter may lead to the chemical and physical weathering of the surfaces of the terra-cotta statues.

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Cultural heritage and the environment

Cited by 43 publications

References 5 publications

Sulphur speciation of PM10 samples by XANES spectroscopy

Sulphur speciation of PM10 samples by XANES spectroscopy

Microanalysis of Dust Deposition inside Emperor Qin's Terra-Cotta Warriors and Horses Museum

Winter and Summer Characteristics of Airborne Particles Inside Emperor Qin's Terra-Cotta Museum, China: A Study by Scanning Electron Microscopy–Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry

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