Microanalysis of Dust Deposition inside Emperor Qin's Terra-Cotta Warriors and Horses Museum

The size-fractionated particle number concentrations were monitored continuously in the different exhibition halls of an enclosed museum, in Shanghai. Particles in different size bins were collected to investigate the main chemical compositions. Results indicated that the mass concentrations of coarse particles, fine particles and ultrafine particles were in the range of 20.50-24.38 μg/m 3 , 23.39-24.08 μg/m 3 and 16.02-17.48 μg/m 3 , respectively. In addition, the activities of cleaning and walking can greatly elevate the number concentration of coarse particles by a factor of about 8-172 times. The decay rates of size-fractionated particle increased with the enlarging particle diameter, ranging from 2 × 10 -5 to 8 × 10 -4 s -1 . The mass concentration of SO 4 2-, NO 3 -, NH 4 + peaked within the particle size range of 0.32-0.56 μm. 2+ and Ca 2+ occurred in the various size ranges. Total organic acids distributed uniformly, the acetate ion mass concentration was 1.238 μg/m 3 , which was higher than both formate ion and oxalate ion concentrations. The concentrations of OC and EC showed similar trends on both the National Day and working day, and greater OC/EC ratios were found in the particles within the size range less than 0.1 μm and larger than 1 μm.

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Characterization of Particulate Matter, Ions and OC/EC in a Museum in Shanghai, China

Xiu

Wang

et al. 2015

“…Only ammonium sulfate particle could be presumed according to its morphology and EDX spectrum (Hu et al, 2010). In our study, bulk IC analysis provided the mass concentrations of all 8 ions (shown as ions in lower box of Fig.…”

Section: Geological Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Size Differentiation of Individual Atmospheric Aerosol during Winter in Xi'an, China

Cao

Shen

et al. 2012

Self Cite

Airborne particulate matter (including TSP, PM 10 , PM 2.5 , and PM 1 ) were collected at an urban site in Xi'an during winter 2010. Individual particles were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM-EDX). The morphologies, size distributions, and relative abundance of aerosol particles in each size were summarized. The monomodal particle size distribution was found in all the samples under different weather conditions, with the peaks located at less than 1.0 μm. The majority of particles were composed of soot, mineral dust, and tar balls, with minor fly ash particles. Soot aggregates were the predominant species (in numbers), ranging from 56.6% in TSP on a sunny day to 86.3% in PM 1 on a cloudy day, with an average of 73.2% in all the samples. The particle mass concentration and chemical composition, including water-soluble inorganic ions, elemental compositions, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) contents of 24-hr integrated PM 2.5 , were also subject to chemical bulk analysis. Soot was predominantly observed in the PM 2.5 samples (from 74.7% to 82.7% in numbers), whereas EC accounted for only a small amount (< 8%) of the PM 2.5 mass. Corresponding to the mass concentrations of geological materials (29.2%, 44.5%, and 37.3% on sunny, cloudy, and hazy days), the number concentrations of mineral dust and fly ash particles on the sunny, cloudy, and hazy days were 14.6%, 7.1%, and 7.7%, respectively.

“…However, with adopting the above advanced technology, relics are still under destruction by microbe (White and Gass, 1989;Fischer and Dott, 2003) and the condensation of leaked pollutions (White et al, 1989;Nazaroff, Salmon et al, 1990;Nazaroff and Cass, 1991;Weschler, 2001;Yang et al, 2009;Hu et al, 2010;Cao et al, 2011). Thus the evaluation of environmental parameters in the museum should be conducted (Thomson, 1986;Camuffo, 1998;Nazaroff, Weschler et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Simulation of the Micro Environment in the Han Yang Mausoleum Museum

Cao

Lee

et al. 2012

Self Cite

As a first underground museum in the world, whole sealed glass system is adopted in the Han Yang Mausoleum Museum to protect relics from the destruction by microbe and pollution in the atmosphere and to provide visitors a wonderful environment for enjoying the fantastic artwork closely from different angles. This study shows that, this method cannot completely stop relics from the destruction. The main reason is that, in the museum, the microbe growth and pollution spread are fairly significant to affect the protection of relics. This study numerically simulates the micro environment in the museum, including air movement, temperature and relative humidity by using the CFD software Fluent. The major findings are summaried as the followes: there are four air cyclones; temperature is getting lower from one side to another; and relative humidity profile is reversed, especially at the surface. This numerical result provides useful information for the protection of relics.