Cultural gatekeeping in cosmetic surgery: Transnational beauty ideals in multicultural Malaysia

Priority areas of international activity as a growth driver of the beauty industry in the Rostov region

“…Formation, history and intensive rate of development of the global beauty industry are considered in the papers of F.Perez, P. G. Jones [3], W. Luo [4], A.V. Menon [5], P. F. Pеrez [6].Experience of China, Malaysia, and New York is presented.…”

The Breast Size Satisfaction Survey (BSSS): Breast size dissatisfaction and its antecedents and outcomes in women from 40 nations

“…Consistent with this view, Junqueira et al (2019) reported that 65.5 % of Brazilian women in their study desired larger breasts than they currently had, although it should be noted the sample consisted primarily of young women. In contrast, East and Southeast Asian women typically have smaller breasts than women in other parts of the world (Lim et al, 2018), and some literature has proposed that breasts have historically played a subsidiary role in terms of the cultural objectification of women in this region (Miller, 2003; see also Menon, 2019) and are emphasised less often in perceptions of femininity (Bąk-Sosnowska, Pawlicka, & Warchał, 2016; see also Ching & Xu, 2019). Likewise, some non-Western communities may construe large breasts as problematic, either because large breasts are perceived as a cause of disease (e.g., breast cancer; Naanyu et al, 2015) or because being large-breasted is stereotypically associated with hypersexuality (Liebelt, 2019) and narcissism (see Smith, 2017).…”

“…Just as there now appears to be a near-global idealisation of thinness in sites of high socioeconomic status (Swami, 2015;Swami, Frederick et al, 2010), the BSSS data indicate a similar homogenisation of breast size ideals in women. This finding is important because it suggests that the objectification of medium-to-large breasts is now a global phenomenon, including in parts of the world that may have historically de-emphasised breast aesthetics (Miller, 2003(Miller, , 2006. It should also be noted that, partially consistent with our hypothesis, greater rurality (but not financial security) was associated with the idealisation of larger breasts, although effect sizes were weak and likely a reflection of sampling issues -a concern we return to below.…”

Do more experienced critics review differently?

“…Second, to serve this function, cultural intermediaries must have a level of knowledge and expertise that is greater – in the relevant areas – than that of their target audience (Durrer and Miles, 2009; Glynn and Lounsbury, 2005; Lonergan et al , 2018; Maguire and Matthews, 2012; Parker et al , 2018; Warren and Dinnie, 2018). In certain markets, structural or cultural factors have prevented formal cultural intermediaries from emerging, in which case producers must shoulder the responsibility for translating their work (Menon, 2019; Whitson et al , 2019). However, formal cultural intermediaries exist in a plethora of markets as diverse as biology, accounting and music (Negus, 2002).…”