Cultural Dimensions as Correlates of Favoritism and the Mediating Role of Trust

Im, Hohjin; Chen, Chuansheng

doi:10.31234/osf.io/gmksr

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…, 2017; Minkov and Kaasa, 2001b, 2021a). The fact that collectivist societies are also characterized by greater nepotism (Im and Chen, 2021) is of particular interest in cross-cultural management.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The members of those societies are less conformist than those of collectivist societies, and more likely to challenge government acts, including rules, laws and decrees that seem obsolete, useless, counterproductive or unfair (Minkov et al, 2017;Kaasa, 2001b, 2021a). The fact that collectivist societies are also characterized by greater nepotism (Im and Chen, 2021) is of particular interest in cross-cultural management.…”

Section: A Focus On Individualism-collectivismmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Do religions account for important cultural differences? An analysis across 100 religious groups in 27 African Countries

Minkov

Kaasa

2022

CCSM

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PurposeIt is often believed that the type of religion that a group of people follow (Protestant, Catholic, Orthodox, Muslim, Jewish, Hindu, Buddhist, etc.) can account for significant and important cultural differences, with implications for business ethics, corporate and social responsibility, and other business-related variables. The alternative view is that the cultural differences between religions are either trivial or are actually misinterpreted ethnic or national differences. The purpose of this paper is to compare and evaluate these two views.Design/methodology/approachThe authors focus on Africa, the most religious region of the world, whose cultures should therefore be especially susceptible to the effect of religion. We used latest data from 100 religious groups, following 19 religions, and living in 27 countries, from the nationally representative Afrobarometer. The items in the authors’ analysis reveal cultural ideologies concerning key cultural domains, such as inclusive–exclusive society (gender equality, homophobia and xenophobia), the role of government and the role of religion in politics. These domains are related to cultural conservatism versus modernization and have clear implications for management. The authors compare the group-level effect of belonging to a certain nation to the effect of belonging to a certain religion.FindingsA hierarchical cluster analysis produced crystal-clear national clusters, with only one of the 100 religious groups systematically clustering outside its respective national cluster. The authors did not obtain a single cross-national cluster of coreligionists. Variation between nations was far greater than between religious groups and the latter was most often statistically insignificant. A comparison of Muslims with other religions revealed that Muslims are not generally more conservative, although they do have a marginally greater tendency to be less gender egalitarian. The authors conclude that the African national environments have a much stronger impact on cultural differences than do religions. The effect of the latter, compared to the former, is negligibly small and often insignificant. Thus, they find no evidence that religions can produce a powerful discriminant effect on some of the most important elements of culture.Research limitations/implicationsNon-Abrahamic religions are poorly represented in Africa. Therefore, we could not assess their effect on culture. Nevertheless, it seems that attempts to explain cultural differences in values and ideologies in terms of religious differences are misguided, even in a cultural environment where religion is very strong.Practical implicationsThe findings could help improve executive training in cross-cultural awareness, purging it from erroneous views on the origins of cultural differences. Managers should avoid simplistic explanations of the values and ideologies of their employees in terms of their religious affiliation.Social implicationsSimplistic (yet very popular) explanations of culture as a function of type of religion should be avoided in society at large, too. The idea that different religions generate different cultures is not only dubious from a scientific perspective but also socially dangerous as it may lead to religious intolerance.Originality/valueThis is only the second study in the history of the whole cross-cultural field that provides a multinational and multidenominational comparison of the effect of nations versus religious denominations on culture.Highlights:Religions are often portrayed as sources of important cultural differences.We compared differences in cultural modernization between religions and between nations in Africa.Variation between 27 African countries dwarfed that between 100 religious groups.Practically all religious groups yielded perfectly homogeneous national clusters.We did not observe a single cluster of coreligionists from different countries.We conclude that nations have a strong effect on cultural differences whereas religions have a minimal effect at best.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Focus On Individualism-collectivismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do religions account for important cultural differences? An analysis across 100 religious groups in 27 African Countries

Minkov

Kaasa

2022

CCSM

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“…The overall adoption of the integration strategy by local Thai employees of foreign MNCs indicates alignment of employeeÀorganisation values, and therefore may be viewed favourably. In fact, as high collectivism and ethical relativism, which are closely related, have been negatively linked to ethical decision-making (Singhapakdi et al, 2008;Chandler and Graham, 2010;Im and Chen, 2020), the lower levels of collectivism and ethical relativism observed in the Thai workers of the two foreign subsidiaries may indicate higher ethical standards adopted by these local Thai workers, especially in regards to the Thai employees of the UK-owned subsidiary. For instance, findings from Sims (2009) indicate that employees from a collectivistic culture are more likely to make unethical decisions to benefit the organisation and less likely to question unethical behaviours of their organisation than employees from an individualistic culture.…”

Section: Managerial Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethics-related value acculturation: the case of Thai employees working at UK and Japanese MNCs in Thailand

Takeda

Secchi

Bray

2022

CCSM

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PurposeMultinational corporations (MNCs) at their foreign subsidiaries hire local employees, whose cultural values may differ from the organisations' home cultures. Such value differences may pose managerial difficulties, making it critical to observe whether working at MNCs changes local employees' cultural values, reducing these differences. This study investigates how and to what extent local employees from a collectivistic culture acculturate their ethics-related values when working at MNCs' foreign subsidiaries. The authors examine (1) whether local employees change their values to become closer to the MNCs' home cultures, and if so, (2) whether the cultural distance between the MNCs' home and host national cultures affect the degree of such adaptation.Design/methodology/approachSurvey data were collected through stratified random sampling from Thai employees of a Japanese-owned MNC (n = 196), a UK-owned MNC (n = 143) and a Thai-owned organisation (n = 137), all operating in Thailand. Hypotheses were developed using Berry's bidimensional acculturation model and were tested using OLS and logistic regression analyses.FindingsThe study's findings indicate that MNCs' local employees from collectivistic cultures adopt Berry's integration acculturation strategy and acculturate their ethics-related values – collectivism, ethical relativism, collective responsibility preference and executive pay differentiation tolerance – towards the values prevalent in MNCs' home cultures. Overall, acculturation is greater when cultural distance is greater. New insights are presented in relation to collective responsibility preference and pay differentiation tolerance.Originality/valueFindings add to current knowledge on acculturation in management by (1) providing new insights into value acculturation (2) utilising Berry's acculturation model to analyse employees' acculturation within an organisation in the context of an emerging economy, outside the more frequently studied topic of mergers and acquisitions, and (3) investigating the impact of cultural distance on the degree of employee acculturation outside the field of expatriate adjustment.

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“…Moreover, Huynh (2020) found that people in a high uncertainty avoidance culture are most likely to practice social distancing. Furthermore, Im and Chen (2020) argue that people practice social distancing irrespective of the individualism culture or uncertainty avoidance culture. This is purely based on the situation and the need of the hour.…”

Section: National Culturementioning

confidence: 99%

How frugal innovation shape global sustainable supply chains during the pandemic crisis: lessons from the COVID-19

Dubey

Bryde

Foropon

et al. 2021

SCM

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Purpose The COVID-19 crisis has created enormous strain in global supply chains. The disruption has caused severe shortages of critical items, including personal protective equipment (e.g. face masks), ventilators and diagnostics. The failure of the industry to meet the sudden demand for these necessary items has caused a severe humanitarian crisis. These situations, resulting from the COVID-19, crisis have led to the informal growth of frugal innovation in sustainable global supply chains. This paper aims to provide a detailed overview of drivers of frugal-oriented sustainable global supply chains, following lessons acquired from emerging countries’ attempts to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic. Design/methodology/approach The authors used a focused group approach to identify the drivers and this paper further validated them using existing literature published in international peer-reviewed journals and reports. The authors adopted total interpretive structural modeling (TISM) to analyze the complex relationships among identified drivers. Findings The authors present a theoretical framework to explain how the drivers are interlinked. This paper has developed the framework through a synthesis of the TISM modeling and Matrice d’impacts croisés multiplication appliquée á un classment analysis. This paper observed that government financial support, policies and regulations, under the mediating effect of leadership and the moderating effect of national culture and international rules and regulations, has a significant effect on the adoption of emerging technology, volunteering initiatives and values and ethics. Further, emerging technology, volunteering initiative and values and ethics have a significant effect on supply chain talent and frugal engineering. These results provide some useful theoretical insights that may help in further investigating the role of frugal innovations in other contexts. Originality/value The authors find that outcomes of the methodical contributions and the resulting managerial insights can be categorized into four levels. Industry and researchers alike can use the study to develop the decision-support systems guiding frugal-oriented sustainable global supply chains amid the COVID-19 pandemic and in recovering them thereafter. Suggestions for future research directions are offered and discussed.

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Cultural Dimensions as Correlates of Favoritism and the Mediating Role of Trust

Cited by 6 publications

References 48 publications

Do religions account for important cultural differences? An analysis across 100 religious groups in 27 African Countries

Do religions account for important cultural differences? An analysis across 100 religious groups in 27 African Countries

Ethics-related value acculturation: the case of Thai employees working at UK and Japanese MNCs in Thailand

How frugal innovation shape global sustainable supply chains during the pandemic crisis: lessons from the COVID-19

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