Cultural Correlates with Cranial Capacity

Smith, Courtland L.; Beals, Kenneth L.

doi:10.1525/aa.1990.92.1.02a00150

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 6 publications

(1 reference statement)

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“…Obviously, NG's claim-that Morton's race differences in brain size (skull size, brain capacity, volume, or however defined) do not exists-is misleading. Morton's findings are in fact supported by empirical evidence from such varied sources as (1) early fossil findings (Beals, Smith and Dodd, 1984) [42]; Smith and Beals, (1990) [41], and (2) Rushton's current findings (1988a, 1988b [44,45], 1992 [33], 1997, 2000 [46,47]; Rushton and Osborne, 1995 [48]). No doubt, Morton misclassified the "cold" North East Asian average skull size by ranking it lower than less cold European ecotypes, perhaps due to incomplete series of specimens.…”

Section: Summary Of the First Syllogistic Analysissupporting

confidence: 56%

“…NG fails to refer to independent available data confirming that North East Asians have-on average-the largest skull average of all races studied (Lynn, 2006(Lynn, /2015 [40]. NG fails to inform the reader about documented geographic differences in prehistoric skull sizes, including an estimated increase in skull volume of 2.5 cm 3 with each degree latitude (Smith and Beals, 1990) [41], after measuring close to 20.000 crania from 87 populations, categorizing them into 10 races, and finding significant race differences (Beals, Smith, and Dodd, 1984) [42]. NG finally fails to call attention to Cold Winter theory (Lynn, 2006(Lynn, /2015(Lynn, , 2008 [40,43], which on theoretical ground predicts, and in practice finds, racial brain size and IQ differences as a reflection of climate, i.e., the colder, the larger or higher.…”

Section: Discussion Of the 4 Minor Premises In The First Syllogistic mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fertility data in Table 1 is from CIA (2017) [92], standardized, and broken down into five equidistant geo-bio-climatic categories of a distribution (derived by Principal Component factoring of three variables: (1) Average country latitudinal distance from Equator in degree, (2) Temperature in centigrade, and (3) Skin Color grade. Stipulated brain size refers to the result of applying the mathematical model by Smith and Beals (1990) [41], according to which-based on multiple empirical pre-historic skull measures-we should add 2.5 cm 3 brain mass per degree latitude gained over the African average of 1297 cm 3 , the latter established by Rushton (1992Rushton ( , 2000Rushton and Rushton, 2003) [33,34,47].…”

Section: The Race Doesn't Matter Argumentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Race as Social Construct

Nyborg

2019

Psych

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It is often claimed that race is a social construct and that scientists studying race differences are disruptive racists. The recent April 2018 “Race Issue” of the widely distributed National Geographic Magazine (NG) provided its millions of readers with a particularly illustrative example of this position. As discussions of race issues often recur, in both scientific and lay literature, stir considerable polemics, and have political, societal and human implications, we found it of both scientific and general interest to identify and dissect the following partly overlapping key contentions of the NG race issue magazine: (1) Samuel Morton’s studies of brain size is reprehensible racism (2) Race does not relate to geographic location, (3) Races do not exist as we are all equals and Africans, (4) Admixture and displacement erase race differences as soon as they appear, and (5) Race is only skin color deep. Also examined is the claim that Race does not matter. When analyzed within syllogistic formalism, each of the claims is found theoretically and empirically unsustainable, as Morton’s continuously evolving race position is misrepresented, race relates significantly to geography, we are far from equals, races have definitely not been erased, and race, whether self-reported or defined by ancestry, lineage, ecotype, species, or genes, is much more than skin color deep. Race matters vitally for people and societies. We conclude that important research on existing population differences is hurt when widely respected institutions such as NG mobilize their full authority in a massively circulated attempt to betray its scientific and public readership by systematically misrepresenting historical sources and scientific positions, shaming past scientists, and by selectively suppressing unwanted or unacceptable results–acts included as examples of academic fraud by the National Academy of Sciences (US, 1986). Any unqualified a priori denial of the formative evolutionary aspects of individual and population differences threatens to impede the recent promising research on effects of genome wide allelic associations, which would lames us in the vital quest to develop rational solutions to associated globally pressing societal problems.

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Section: Summary Of the First Syllogistic Analysissupporting

confidence: 56%

Section: Discussion Of the 4 Minor Premises In The First Syllogistic mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Race Doesn't Matter Argumentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Race as Social Construct

Nyborg

2019

Psych

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“…In the meantime, Smith and Beals [26] explained the association between cranial capacity and latitude showing larger cranial capacity with more rounded head in people habitat in cold climates. They further emphasised the association between the cranial capacity and body size with large cranial capacity with increasing body size.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphometric evaluation of the foramen magnum in a Sri Lankan population

Peiris

Vadysinghe

Nanayakkara

2019

Sri Lanka Anat. Jnl

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Objective: The foramen magnum (FM) that transmits a large number of vital structures is an important anatomical landmark in neurosurgical procedures and forensic anthropology. The aim of the present study was to determine the dimensions and shape of the FM in a Sri Lankan population. Material and method: Forty-four adult skulls (32 males and 12 females) were selected for the study. Sagittal (FMSD) and transverse (FMTD) diameters of the FM were taken using a sliding digital vernier caliper to the nearest 0.01mm by one investigator. The area of the FM was calculated using Radinsky's formula; A=1/4 X 3.14 X FMTD X FMSD and FM index was calculated using the formula: FMTD x 100 / FMSD. The skulls were visually assessed to determine the shape of the FM. The shape of the FM was recorded as round, oval, egg-shaped, tetragonal, pentagonal, hexagonal or irregular. Results:The mean sagittal and transverse diameter, area and index of the foramen magnum in males were 34.62 ±2.17 mm, 29.52±2.13 mm, 695.77±90.64 mm2 and 85.41±5.66, respectively, whereas they were 33.87±2.31 mm, 28.28±1.99 mm, 2 662.56±98.67 mm and 83.69±6.13, respectively, in females. The shape of the foramen was found to be eggshaped in 34.1%, and round in 27.2% of the cases. Conclusions:The size and shape of the foramen magnum are highly variable among different world populations. Sri Lankan skulls showed smaller foramen magnum in compare with those of African, Mediterranean and European populations. Males displayed larger mean values than females for all measured variables.

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“…There is a significant – on the order of 8 percent – difference in average brain size between the indigenous people of such ancestry and ethnic Europeans (Jurgens et al. , Smith and Beals ). Again, a consensus is emerging that there are real and substantial differences in average intelligence between the immigrants and the native populations.…”

Section: Psychometrics Biology Evolutionary Psychology and Behaviomentioning

confidence: 99%

Biology, Immigration, and Public Policy

Christainsen

2012

Kyklos

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Summary This paper discusses recent scientific research that has shifted the terms of the debate about the respective roles of nature and nurture in shaping behavior. The research includes literature in the areas of biology, psychometrics, evolutionary psychology, and behavioral genetics. The paper then shows the relevance of this literature for ongoing concerns about mass immigration in developed countries. The literature has implications not only for the personal success of the immigrants, but rates of social dependency and the outlook for political and social cooperation in increasingly diverse societies. Efforts to remediate IQ deficits or behavioral problems in some immigrant groups are seen to be problematic.

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Cultural Correlates with Cranial Capacity

Cited by 10 publications

References 6 publications

Race as Social Construct

Race as Social Construct

Morphometric evaluation of the foramen magnum in a Sri Lankan population

Biology, Immigration, and Public Policy

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