Cultural Adaptation of the Portuguese Version of the “Sniffin’ Sticks” Smell Test: Reliability, Validity, and Normative Data

Ribeiro, João Carlos; Simões, João; Silva, Filipe; Silva, Eduardo D.; Hummel, Cornélia; Hummel, Thomas; Paiva, António

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148937

Cited by 40 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Because olfaction is known to decline with ageing30 and to adequately evaluate how olfactory ability is affected in USH patients, it is important to rule out ageing´s effect on olfaction. Consequently, after considering the normal age effect on olfaction based on our normative data30 (n = 203, that compares well with original data from Hummel et al 31…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All participants received a full ENT clinical examination, as well as a structured interview, a rhinologic examination including nasal endoscopy and a standardized Sniffin ’ Sticks test (Burghart GmbH, Wedel, Germany) culturally validated to the Portuguese population (SnSt-pt) 30 . Briefly, this test comprised three subtests, namely odor threshold (T, tested by means of a single staircase procedure), odor discrimination (D, 3-alternative forced choice) and odor identification (I, 4-alternative forced choice).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Accelerated age-related olfactory decline among type 1 Usher patients

Ribeiro

Oliveiros

Pereira

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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Usher Syndrome (USH) is a rare disease with hearing loss, retinitis pigmentosa and, sometimes, vestibular dysfunction. A phenotype heterogeneity is reported. Recent evidence indicates that USH is likely to belong to an emerging class of sensory ciliopathies. Olfaction has recently been implicated in ciliopathies, but the scarce literature about olfaction in USH show conflicting results. We aim to evaluate olfactory impairment as a possible clinical manifestation of USH. Prospective clinical study that included 65 patients with USH and 65 normal age-gender-smoking-habits pair matched subjects. A cross culturally validated version of the Sniffin’ Sticks olfaction test was used. Young patients with USH have significantly better olfactory scores than healthy controls. We observe that USH type 1 have a faster ageing olfactory decrease than what happens in healthy subjects, leading to significantly lower olfactory scores in older USH1 patients. Moreover, USH type 1 patients showed significantly higher olfactory scores than USH type 2, what can help distinguishing them. Olfaction represents an attractive tool for USH type classification and pre diagnostic screening due to the low cost and non-invasive nature of the testing. Olfactory dysfunction should be considered among the spectrum of clinical manifestations of Usher syndrome.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accelerated age-related olfactory decline among type 1 Usher patients

Ribeiro

Oliveiros

Pereira

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

Self Cite

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“…First, it is conceivable that such a set is not detected because it is overshadowed by the variability derived from cultural or other differences between populations that have been previously studied. 20 , 38 – 40 Second, the lack of specificity to PD may reflect the absence of specific damage to different receptor classes or receptor channels, either at the level of the epithelium or at higher levels within the central nervous system, including the olfactory bulb. The human olfactory nerve is comprised of 6–10 million olfactory receptor cells, of which there are nearly 400 types harboring G-protein coupled odor receptors (GPCRs) on their cilia, with a given cell expressing only one type of receptor.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing olfactory testing for the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease: item analysis of the university of Pennsylvania smell identification test

Morley

Cohen

Silveira‐Moriyama

et al. 2018

npj Parkinson's Disease

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The 40-item University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) is an effective instrument to detect olfactory dusfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD). It is not clear, however, whether tests of this length are necessary to detect such dysfunction. Several studies have suggested that detection of certain odors is selectively compromised in PD, and that a test comprised of these odors could be shorter and more specific for this purpose. Therefore, we attempted to identify a subset of UPSIT odors that distinguish PD from controls with similar or improved test characteristics compared to the full test. The discriminatory power of each odor was examined using UPSIT data from a discovery cohort of 314 PD patients and 314 matched controls and ranked using multiple methods (including odds ratios, regression coefficients and discriminant analysis). To validate optimally discriminant subsets, we calculated test characteristics using data from two independent cohorts (totaling 306 PD and 343 controls). In the discovery cohort, multiple novel 12-item subsets (and the previously described Brief Smell Identification Test-B) performed similarly or improved upon the UPSIT and were better than 12 random items. However, in validation studies from independent cohorts, multiple subsets retained test characteristics similar to the full UPSIT, but did not outperform 12 random items. Differential discriminatory power of individual items is not conserved across independent cohorts arguing against selective hyposmia in PD. However, multiple 12-item subsets performed as well as the full UPSIT. These subsets could form the basis for shorter olfactory tests in the clinical evaluation of Parkinsonism.

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“…Threshold. The odor threshold subtest contains 16 triplets (numbered [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16], in which only one of the triplets contains nbutanol and solvent and the other two contain only the solvent. The subjects were asked to identify the pen with n-butanol in different concentrations.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The validity of the I tests has been examined both in terms of internal validity 10,[12][13][14] and external validity [13][14][15][16][17][18] in other languages and cultures. Different cultural components have major impact on the exposure and frequency of foods and odors, and consequently on our familiarity with odors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%