Danish validation of sniffin' sticks olfactory test for threshold, discrimination, and identification

Niklassen, Andreas Steenholt; Ovesen, Therese; Fernandes, Henrique M.; Fjældstad, Alexander Wieck

doi:10.1002/lary.27052

Cited by 37 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Similar work is being carried out using the Sniffin' Sticks test. An adapted version has been created for a Lithuanian population [62], and after the Danish study discovered its lack of validity [59], they modified each odour descriptor until more than 75% of healthy participants could correctly identify it. This figure is the definition of validation for use on a specific population originally described by Hummel et al [63].…”

Section: Cultural Biasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Could Early Identification of Changes in Olfactory Function Be an Indicator of Preclinical Neurodegenerative Disease? A Systematic Review

Winchester

Martyn

2020

Neurol Ther

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Introduction: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease that currently affects 850,000 individuals in the UK with estimates continuing to rise. Diagnosis is only available in the presence of significant neuronal pathology and apparent cognitive decline, meaning that treatment avenues are often limited and carry little to no effect on prognosis. Olfactory function has been shown to have a direct correlation with cognitive function and therefore may serve as a potential diagnostic tool for the detection of preclinical disease. The objective was to examine the current literature to establish the accuracy of olfactory function testing in determining current and future cognitive function.

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Section: Cultural Biasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Could Early Identification of Changes in Olfactory Function Be an Indicator of Preclinical Neurodegenerative Disease? A Systematic Review

Winchester

Martyn

2020

Neurol Ther

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“…Comprehensive tests for olfactory performance such as the Sniffin' Sticks test battery, including all three components of threshold, discrimination, and identification testing, can take up to one hour, requiring additional personnel resources. For this reason, shorter screening protocols such as the Sniffin' Sticks identification test [33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] were frequently administered in clinical practice. These screening tests became increasingly popular and extensively used worldwide, but were often less accurate and inconclusive 17,18 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We chose the 16-item Sniffin' Sticks identification test to serve as the technical basis, since these 16 items are represented in the most widely used olfactory assessment tool in German-speaking countries and have been further adapted and validated for various other countries [33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] . Regarding the procedure, we agreed on using the "Odor-Lines-On-Paper" method which has been validated for odor identification, discrimination, and threshold testing in previous studies of our working group 25,26 and has the potential for self-administration.…”

Section: Development Of Ssomixmentioning

confidence: 99%

Odor Mixtures in Identification Testing Using Sniffin’ Sticks: The SSomix Test

Liu

Besser

Lang

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Clinical tests assessing olfactory performance have become indispensable for diagnosing olfactory dysfunction. As time and personnel resources are limited, it would be advantageous to have shorter protocols focusing on singular aspects of olfactory performance, such as odor identification. However, such a unidimensional approach is often inconclusive and needs further tests (and tools). Hence, new testing methods with high levels of sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility are required for clinical practice. Here, we developed a Sniffin’ Sticks odor mixture identification test method (SSomix), with emphasis on resource efficiency and simplicity of administration. SSomix consists of mixtures of two and three odors applied onto a piece of paper using 11 out of 16 items from the original Sniffin’ Sticks identification test kit. A total of 66 healthy subjects and 22 patients with olfactory dysfunction were included in the study. SSomix showed good to excellent test-retest reliability and validity. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curves indicated good diagnostic accuracy in identifying patients with reduced and severely impaired olfactory function. SSomix was a suitable downsizing of the original kit, especially regarding resource efficiency.

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“…A validated version of the "Sniffin' Sticks" extended olfactory test was applied at baseline and included testing of olfactory threshold, discrimination, and identification score (collectively characterized as TDI-score) [26].…”

Section: Olfactory Testing Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the triplets, one pen is filled with 4mL of N-Butanol dissolved in propylene glycol in increasing concentrations, and the remaining two pens are odorless (pure propylene glycol). The forced-multiple-choice-test is applied by presenting the participant with increasing concentrations of N-butanol [26,27]. When the participant has successfully identified the pen with N-butanol twice for a given concentration, the turning point is noted and pens of decreasing concentrations are presented until an error is made.…”

Section: Olfactory Testing Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemosensory Sensitivity after Coffee Consumption Is Not Static: Short-Term Effects on Gustatory and Olfactory Sensitivity

Fjældstad

Fernandes

2020

Foods

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Chemosensory sensitivity has great variation between individuals. This variation complicates the chemosensory diagnostics, as well as the creation of a meal with universally high hedonic value. To ensure accurate characterization of chemosensory function, a common rule of thumb is to avoid food/beverages one hour before chemosensory testing. However, the scientific foundation of this time of fast remains unclear. Furthermore, the role of coffee on immediate chemosensitivity is not known and may have implications for optimization of gastronomy and hedonia. The aim of this study is to investigate the modularity effects of coffee consumption on immediate gustatory and olfactory sensitivity. We included 155 participants. By applying tests for olfactory and gustatory sensitivity before and after coffee intake, we found no changes in olfactory sensitivity, but significantly altered sensitivity for some basic tastants. We repeated our experimental paradigm using decaffeinated coffee and found similar results. Our results demonstrate that coffee (regular and decaffeinated) alters the subsequent perception of taste, specifically by increasing the sensitivity to sweet and decreasing the sensitivity to bitter. Our findings provide the first evidence of how coffee impacts short-term taste sensitivity and consequently the way we sense and perceive food following coffee intake—an important insight in the context of gastronomy, as well as in chemosensory testing procedures.

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Danish validation of sniffin' sticks olfactory test for threshold, discrimination, and identification

Abstract: 2b. Laryngoscope, 1759-1766, 2018.

Cited by 37 publications

References 24 publications

Could Early Identification of Changes in Olfactory Function Be an Indicator of Preclinical Neurodegenerative Disease? A Systematic Review

Could Early Identification of Changes in Olfactory Function Be an Indicator of Preclinical Neurodegenerative Disease? A Systematic Review

Odor Mixtures in Identification Testing Using Sniffin’ Sticks: The SSomix Test

Chemosensory Sensitivity after Coffee Consumption Is Not Static: Short-Term Effects on Gustatory and Olfactory Sensitivity

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