Cultivating Metal Whiskers by Surface Plasmon Polariton Excitation

Borra, Vamsi; Georgiev, Daniel G.; Карпов, В. Г.

doi:10.1557/adv.2016.160

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Here, we present data showing that the Zn whisker development from a raised floor tile can be greatly accelerated by the external electric field, a conclusion consistent with the electrostatic theory of metal whiskers [10][11][12][13] and recent observations of the field induced development of metal whiskers. [14][15][16][17] …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electric field stimulated growth of Zn whiskers

et al. 2016

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We have investigated the impact of strong (∼10 4 V/cm) electric fields on the development of Zn whiskers. The original samples, with considerable whisker infestation were cut from Zn-coated steel floors and then exposed to electric fields stresses for 10-20 hours at room temperature. We used various electric field sources, from charges accumulated in samples irradiated by: (1) the electron beam of a scanning electron microscope (SEM), (2) the electron beam of a medical linear accelerator, and (3) the ion beam of a linear accelerator; we also used (4) the electric field produced by a Van der Graaf generator. In all cases, the exposed samples exhibited a considerable (tens of percent) increase in whiskers concentration compared to the control sample. The acceleration factor defined as the ratio of the measured whisker growth rate over that in zero field, was estimated to approach several hundred. The statistics of lengths of e-beam induced whiskers was found to follow the log-normal distribution known previously for metal whiskers. The observed accelerated whisker growth is attributed to electrostatic effects. These results offer promise for establishing whisker-related accelerated life testing protocols. C 2016 Author(s). All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electric field stimulated growth of Zn whiskers

et al. 2016

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“…Moreover, based on that theory of electrostatic interactions, one can design certain approaches to accelerated testing in strong electric fields. Such field-induced accelerated whisker growth has been observed in multiple experiments [7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…This type of substrate supports good film adhesion with various deposition applications. It was proven earlier that Sn films deposited on such substrates can grow whiskers at hight enough rates [7][8][9][10]. We followed our standard protocol where substrates cut into 3x6 cm 2 pieces are washed in cleaning solution (Micro-90), then rinsed with de-ionized water (DI), followed with ultra-sonication bath in acetone for 25 min, and, finally, with ultra-sonication bath in DI for 25 min.…”

Section: Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such field-induced accelerated whisker growth has been observed in multiple experiments. [7][8][9] A related effort was devoted to acceleration of whisker growth under ionizing radiation sources, such as 6 MeV electrons 9,10 and 0.4 MeV gamma-rays 11 capable of inducing electric fields by electrically charging a substrate (glass or acrilic holder) supporting tin or zinc films. We note that radiation effects on whisker growth have been observed ∼60 years ago and remained unexplained.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gamma- and x-ray accelerated tin whisker development

Oudat

Arora

Parsai

et al. 2020

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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We observed accelerated whisker development in thin tin films under non-destructive gammaray and x-ray irradiation sources. The effect is mediated by charges induced in glass substrates supporting films, and becomes significant reaching the characteristic range of radiation doses of 20-30 kGy. We were able to change the radiation induced whisker growth rate by electrically disconnecting some parts of our experimental setup thus demonstrating the electrostatic nature of the whisker development. The observed acceleration factors make the ionizing radiation a potential non-destructive and readily implementable accelerated life testing tool.

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“…A recent electrostatic concept attributes MW growth to random electric fields generated by surfaces of imperfect metals. [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] The predictability of MW effects is hindered by their stochastic nature: MW lengths (h) and diameters (d) are mutually uncorrelated and broadly distributed obeying log-normal statistics; the local concentration of MW varies exponentially between different regions. Many other observations summarized by G. Davy 26 indicate that stochasticity as well.…”

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confidence: 99%

The stochastic growth of metal whiskers

Subedi

Niraula

Karpov

2017

Applied Physics Letters

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The phenomenon of spontaneously growing metal whiskers (MW) raises significant reliability concerns due to its related arcing and shorting in electric equipment. The growth kinetics of MW remains poorly predictable. Here we present a theory describing the earlier observed intermittent growth of MW as caused by local energy barriers related to variations in the random electric fields generated by surface imperfections. We find the probabilistic distribution of MW stopping times, during which MW growth halts, which is important for reliability projections.Introduction -Metal whiskers [MW; illustrated in Fig. 2 (a)] are hair-like protrusions growing from the surfaces of many metals, such as Sn, Zn, Cd, and Ag. MW caused shorting in electronic packages raises significant reliability concerns and losses in different technologies ranging from aerospace and military to auto industry and medical devices. 1-5 After about 70-year of observations, the understanding of MW growth remains insufficient.Mechanical stresses, 6-9 local recrystallization regions, 10,11 intermetallic compounds, 12,13 and stress gradients 14-17 have been considered as MW driving forces. A recent electrostatic concept attributes MW growth to random electric fields generated by surfaces of imperfect metals. [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] The predictability of MW effects is hindered by their stochastic nature: MW lengths (h) and diameters (d) are mutually uncorrelated and broadly distributed obeying log-normal statistics; the local concentration of MW varies exponentially between different regions. Many other observations summarized by G. Davy 26 indicate that stochasticity as well. In particular, MW "...growth rate is often not constant. A whisker may stop growing for a while, then start growing again." 26,27 MW growth randomly interrupted for years 28 and days 29,30 was observed; Fig. 1 presents a compilation. Here, we present a theory describing the stochastically intermittent longitudinal growth of MW. We establish the statistics of MW barriers (V ) and stopping times,

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Cultivating Metal Whiskers by Surface Plasmon Polariton Excitation

Cited by 11 publications

References 10 publications

Electric field stimulated growth of Zn whiskers

Electric field stimulated growth of Zn whiskers

Gamma- and x-ray accelerated tin whisker development

The stochastic growth of metal whiskers

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