Cultivable bacteria in developing and mature human dental calculus

Howell, Arden; Rizzo, Anthony A.; Paul, Frances J.

doi:10.1016/0003-9969(65)90033-6

Cited by 50 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Actinomycetes have been isolated in high percentages from active caries lesions (HOWELL, STEP-HAN & PAUL 1962), and various Actinomyces species may cause certain types of caries in gnotobiotic animal models (GUIL-LO, KLEIN & FRANK 1973). However, actinomycetes also constitute a major part of the flora of dental calculus (HOWELL, Rizzo & PAUL 1965), and actinomycetes have for a long time been thought to play an important role in calculus formation (BOWEN & GILMOUR 1961). Also black stain has a tendency to become calcified (THEILADE et al 1973).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The microflora of black stain on human primary teeth

Slots¹

1974

European J Oral Sciences

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abstract— Black stain on human teeth is usually associated with a low caries frequency. In order to determine the predominant microflora of black stain a systematic qualitative and quantitative microbiologic investigation has been performed. Samples were obtained from 11 children, 3–5 years of age, who had black stain on at least 10 teeth. Various Gram‐positive rods comprised a surprisingly high percentage of the cultivable organisms. Catalase negative actinomycetes averaged 67%, catalase positive actinomycetes 15%, and Corynebacterium 8% of the viable flora. About one‐half of the catalase negative actinomycetes could not be classified satisfactorily with the data available. Most of the catalase positive actinomycetes were motile. Streptococci averaged only 5% of the flora, a finding which agress well with the low caries frequency. Neisseria averaged 4%, but had a somewhat variable occurrence in the samples. B. melaninogenicus averaged less than 1% of the flora. Yeast was present in one sample only. The data presented indicate that black stain has a characteristic and relatively stable microflora, dominated by various actinomycetes. The role of the actinomycetes in regard to the low caries frequency is unknown. Presumably, the actinomycetes are responsible for the formation of the color of the black stain.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The microflora of black stain on human primary teeth

Slots¹

1974

European J Oral Sciences

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“…Subsequently, certain oral streptococcal species were found to adhere with high affinity and numbers to an in vitro salivary pellicle, and this propensity also correlated with their in vivo adher ence and subsequent colonization of cleaned tooth surfaces [van Houte et al, 1971;Gibbons and van Houte, 1980]. Studies of the adherence and subsequent colonization of in vivo salivary pellicle by oral bacteria have found that certain spe cies predominate in developing dental plaque to cleaned teeth [Howell et al, 1965;Carlsson, 1967;Ritz, 1967;Socransky et al, 1977;Moore et al, 1982]. Besides the initial adherence to salivary pellicle of the numerically predominant Stretptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus mitis, other species have been found in plaque less than 48 h old in significant proportions, especially the Veillonella spp., Actinomyces viscosus.…”

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confidence: 99%

In vivo Colonization of Salivary Pellicle by Haemophilus, Actinomyces and Streptococcus Species

Liljemark¹,

Fenner²,

Bloomquist³

1986

Caries Res

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Eight human subjects with healthy oral conditions were examined to study developing dental plaque. Supragingival plaque, buccal mucosa, tongue dorsum and saliva were sampled prior to the pumicing and cleaning of facial surfaces of the four upper premolars and two first molars. Samples were processed anaerobically on media that were selective for the oral Streptococcus spp., Haemophilus spp., and Actinomyces spp., as well as supplemented blood agar for identification of gram-negative bacterial groups and total cultivable flora. NAD-requiring Haemophilus spp., Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus salivarius were found in most oral samples. Analysis of the distribution of the Actinomyces spp., Actinomyces viscosus, Actinomyces naeslundii and Actinomyces odontolyticus in oral samples prior to teeth cleaning, found no significant differences between proportions or prevalence of these species in saliva, buccal mucosa, tongue, or pooled plaque samples. All three species were found on most surfaces in all subjects. Following cleaning, plaque was allowed to develop for 48 h. Proportions of a species in 2-hour plaque, when higher than proportions in the same individual’s saliva samples, were interpreted to be due to a species promotion by salivary pellicle (as 2-hour plaque from cleaned teeth). A median ratio of 1:3 of saliva versus 2-hour plaque was seen for A. odontolyticus suggesting some promotion by pellicle. A. viscosus and S. sanguis showed median ratios of saliva:2-hour plaque of 1:6 or higher, suggesting that salivary pellicle strongly promoted these species’ adherence. Developing plaques contained high proportions of streptococci, especially S. sanguis and S. mitis, as well as Haemophilus parainfluenzae. Significant increases were seen in proportions of S. sanguis in 48-hour versus 24-hour, and 2-hour plaques. A. viscosus, A. naeslundii and A. odontolyticus were found in most developing plaque samples and in similar proportions to each other. A significant twofold increase in proportions of A. odontolyticus, and fourfold increase of S. sanguis, was seen in 48- versus 2-hour plaques suggesting growth of these species. Forty-eight-hour plaque was composed primarily of Facklam type 1 S. sanguis and this species was found in significantly higher proportions than S. salivarius or S. mutans. NAD-requiring haemophili were found in high proportions and comprised 99% of the haemophili in 48-hour plaque. Although A. naeslundii was not dectected in as many 48-hour samples as A. viscosus or A. odontolyticus, these three species were found in similar proportions in 48-hour developing plaque samples.

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“…The results are usually expressed in terms of the numbers of total organisms based either on microscopic counts, or the number of colonies derived from viable bacteria [Gibbons et al, 1964;Loesche et al, 1972;Poole and Gilmour, 1971]. Several sequential studies of the bacterial popula tion developing on a tooth surface have been reported in which plaque was allowed to develop on an initially cleaned surface for periods of time varying from a few hours to several days, when samples were then taken by scraping the area [Howell et al, 1965;Rrrz, 1967;T heilade and T heilade, 1970].…”

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confidence: 99%

Microbial Variations in Approximal Dental Plaque

Bowden

Hardie

Slack³

1975

Caries Res

123

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Three sequential samples from the distal surface of the upper first premolars of ten 13- to 14-year-old children were collected over a period of 12 weeks. Viable bacterial counts were made on each sample and representative strains of the genera Streptococcus, Actinomyces, Veillonella, Neisseria, Fusobacterium, Rothia, Lactobacillus, Bacterionema, Eubacteria and Arachnia were identified on the basis of morphology, physiological tests, cell wall and acid end product analysis and serology. The qualitative composition of the 58 samples obtained from the 20 sampled areas examined was similar, although some surfaces were consistently free of specific organisms during the test period, this was particularly evident with the lactobacilli. The mean percentages of the predominant genera were Actinomyces 34.92, Streptococcus 22.9, Veillonella 13.07, and ‘bacteroides’ 7.97. Streptococcus mutans mean percentage was 2.17, Strep. sanguis 5.9, Strep. salivarius 0.67, Strep. milleri 0.51, A. israelii 16.5 and A. viscosus together with A. naeslundii 19.05. Consideration of the results indicates that each of the sites represents a distinct ecological niche that should be looked at in isolation, and that the following parameters may be important in relating the bacterial population of a site to the formation of a carious lesion: (a) qualitative composition; (b) persistence of specific bacteria; (c) concentration of specific bacteria, and (d) the stability of the numerical concentration of specific bacteria.

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Cultivable bacteria in developing and mature human dental calculus

Cited by 50 publications

References 10 publications

The microflora of black stain on human primary teeth

The microflora of black stain on human primary teeth

In vivo Colonization of Salivary Pellicle by Haemophilus, Actinomyces and Streptococcus Species

Microbial Variations in Approximal Dental Plaque

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