Cue and secondary reinforcement effects with children.

Abstract

Groups of children served in a lever-pulling experiment in order to determine the secondary reinforcement, cue, and combined secondary reinforcement/cue effects of a light stimulus. On each conditioning trial the light was differentially associated with the presentation of a primary reinforcement. After conditioning, Ss underwent a period of extinction during which time a lever pull resulted in a light or a no-light condition. An evaluation of the number of responses during extinction showed a significant difference between the secondary reinforcing and the cue effects of the light stimulus. The discussion covered a need for adequate experimental controls in studies attempting to show a "real" secondary reinforcement effect.

Frustration and secondary reinforcement concepts as applied to human instrumental conditioning and extinction.

“…It ma}r be noted in passing, however, that other recent studies are not so confirmatory. Ignoring the negative results in the present three studies, two others report negative results (Kass, Wilson, & Sidowski, 1964;Longstreth, 1962), while one reports positive results (Sidowski, Kass, & Wilson, 1965). Further, the author is aware of three unpublished studies, all of which report negative results (Donaldson, 1961;Estes, 1960;Hall, 1964).…”

Inducing Novel Vocalizations by Conditioning Speech Sounds as Reinforcers

“…When the S D is later presented contingent on a response, a reinforcement effect is seen. This approach was used in some early laboratory studies on conditioned reinforcement with children with and without disabilities (e.g., Lovaas et al 1966;Sidowski, Kass, and Wilson 1965), and its effects have recently been demonstrated with children diagnosed with ASD Isaksen and Holth 2009;TaylorSanta, Sidener, Carr, and Reeve 2014). Isaksen and Holth (2009) compared the rate of arbitrary responses that produced either the S D from a discrimination training procedure or the paired stimulus from a stimulus pairing procedure.…”