Frustration and secondary reinforcement concepts as applied to human instrumental conditioning and extinction.

Longstreth, Langdon E.

doi:10.1037/h0093910

Cited by 34 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Stimuli occurring on nonrewarded trials were the same as those paired with reinforcement on rewarded trials, hence nonreward consisted of secondary reinforcement. That most of the frustration literature involves this same sirnilarity has been noted by Longstreth (1966). With such considerations in mind, an incentive motivation interpretation is also relevant to the data.…”

supporting

confidence: 59%

Fixed-interval frustrative nonreward in profound retardates

Libb

1970

Psychon Sci

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supporting

confidence: 59%

Fixed-interval frustrative nonreward in profound retardates

Libb

1970

Psychon Sci

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“…The role of cues in frustration was also investigated by Longstreth (1966). He reasoned that if non reward is introduced after a series of rewards, then the more closely the nonreward situation resembles the reward situation, the greater the frustration should be because of the stronger elicitation of rgS.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Galvanic skin reactions associated with nonpresentation of an accustomed valued object in humans

Weil

Katkin

1969

Psychon Sci

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“…It could, however, easily be rationalized by theories of frustration relating to partial schedules (e.g., Amsel, 1962;Longstreth, 1966). The frustration (an aversive emotion) occurring on non-rewarded trials could, supposedly, "rub ofr' on the syllable associated with the partial SChedule.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of reward schedules on the acquisition of conditioned reward value

Kendall

Nunnally

1968

Psychon Sci

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Previous studies have demonstrated that neutral objects (such as nonsense syllables) may acquire rewarding and punishing properties through association with the gain or loss of rewards. Furthermore, these objects are then capable of eliciting numerous responses (e.g., attentional, affective, cognitive) which reflect the attributes conditioned to them. This effect has been termed conditioned reward value, and prior investigations have examined some of the parameters of the conditioning and of the resultant behaviors (e.g., Nunnally, Duchnowski, & Parker, 1965; Nunnally, Stevens, & Hall, 1965; Parker & Nunnally, 1966;.The present study is concerned with the effects that a partial schedule of reward introduces to conditioned reward value, in comparison to the effects produced by a continuous schedule of reward. Four nonsense syllables were employed in a discrimination task, each with a different reward contingency:, 100% reward, 50% reward, no reward (neutral), and loss of reward. Subsequently, measures were made of the "pleasantness" that these syllables had acquired as a result of the associations. In addition, measures were made of S's expectancy that further rewards would be associated with the different syllables.Three possible outcomes of this experiment have implications for three theoretical positions regarding the effect of a partial schedule of reward on conditioned reward value. The most explicit prediction follows from the literature on classical conditioning. The prediction is that the partially rewarded syllable will acquire pleasantness in an absolute sense (Le., it will be more pleasant than the neutral syllable) but will be distinctly less pleasant than the continuously rewarded syllable.If the partially rewarded syllable proved to be unpleasant, this finding could not be rationalized by the literature on classical conditioning. It could, however, easily be rationalized by theories of frustration relating to partial schedules (e.g., Amsel, 1962;Longstreth, 1966). The frustration (an aversive emotion) occurring on non-rewarded trials could, supposedly, "rub ofr' on the syllable associated with the partial SChedule.If the partially rewarded syllable proved to be even more pleasant than the continuously rewarded syllable, this could not be rationalized by either of the aforementioned two theoretical positions, but (like so many odd findings) it would fit nicely with the theory of cognitive dissonance. Festinger (1964) hypothesized that on the non-rewarded trials of a partial schedule the animal seeks "extra attractions" in the area of the goal box. Such extra attractions supposedly reduce the dissonance resulting from not obtaining an expected reward. Since, in the present experimental procedure, the syllable associated with the partial schedule is the logical candidate to become such an extra attraction, it would not be incommensurate with cognitive dissonance theory to find that the syllable became more pleasant than one associated with continuous reward.The purpose of this experiment was to provid...

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Frustration and secondary reinforcement concepts as applied to human instrumental conditioning and extinction.

Cited by 34 publications

References 39 publications

Fixed-interval frustrative nonreward in profound retardates

Fixed-interval frustrative nonreward in profound retardates

Galvanic skin reactions associated with nonpresentation of an accustomed valued object in humans

Effects of reward schedules on the acquisition of conditioned reward value

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