Cuban Calisto (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae), a review based on morphological and DNA data

Abstract

The Cuban species of Calisto are reviewed based on the morphology of adult and immature stages, as well as DNA sequences of six genes (COI, EF1α, wingless, GAPDH, RpS5, CAD). A new species, Calisto occulta sp. n., is described from the northeastern Cuban mountains. Calisto smintheus Bates, 1935 and Calisto bruneri, Michener 1949 are revised and revalidated. A new status, the species level, is proposed for Calisto brochei, Torre 1973, Calisto muripetens, Bates 1939 and Calisto bradleyi, Munroe 1950. The immature stages of Calisto smintheus, Calisto brochei,and Calisto occulta are described for the first time, and those of Calisto herophile, Hübner 1823 are redescribed. Useful morphological characters for adults are the shape and conspicuousness of androconial patch, the number and relative size of white dots on underside of hindwing, the shape of aedeagus, the shape of digitiform projection of genitalia valve, the shape and relative size of tegumen and uncus, the relative size of female genitalia, the height of sterigmal ring dorsal crown of the latter, and the relative size of corpus bursae and ductus bursae. For the immature stages, the most important characters are the color pattern of head capsule, the number and width of longitudinal lines of body, in the larvae; and the color pattern and the absence or presence of dorsal ridges on the abdomen of pupae. The phylogenetic relationships between the Cuban Calisto species are quite robust and well-supported; however, conflict between mitochondrial and nuclear datasets was detected in Calisto brochei, Calisto muripetens and to a lesser degree in Calisto bradleyi.

Taxonomic revision of the “Pierella lamia species group” (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) with descriptions of four new species from Brazil

“…Such structures have been used in several taxonomic studies on satyrine butterflies to species delimitation, based on its presence, shape, colour and position (i.e. Zubek & Pyrcz 2011;Aguila et al 2012;Freitas et al 2013), and play a role on sexual selection by dissemination of pheromones to influence female behaviour (Hall & Harvey 2002). However, futures studies might be focused on ultrastructure comparative morphology of the scales from androconial patch, and chemical composition analysis of pheromones to evaluate the characters are among "Pierella lamia species group".…”

Causes of endemic radiation in the Caribbean: evidence from the historical biogeography and diversification of the butterfly genus Calisto(Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Satyrini)

“…The genus Calisto comprises 44 described species, all geographically restricted to single islands [23,26-29]; 11 distributed in Cuba, 1 in Puerto Rico, 1 in Anegada Island, 1 in Jamaica, 2 in the Bahamas and the remaining 28 species occurring in Hispaniola. Molecular data has given insight into the cryptic condition of several taxa in Hispaniola [27], as well as assisted in determining the phylogenetic relationships of Cuban taxa [28]. …”

“…Once Calisto colonized the Greater Antilles, further differentiation by vicariance [31,37], within-island diversification [28,36] or adaptive radiation [27] might have shaped the evolution of these butterflies.…”

Morphology and COI barcodes reveal four new species in the lycieus group of Calisto (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)

“…Third, as for many other butterflies groups, the advent of DNA studies has revealed the existence of hidden cryptic species within Calisto. These species once discovered and thoroughly studied showed small but constant morphological differences as evidenced in Cuban species (Núñez et al 2012(Núñez et al , 2013.…”

“…The largest portion of this diversity corresponds to Hispaniola with 28 species (Sourakov & Zakharov 2011, Matos-Maraví et al 2014. The genus has received great attention since the end of nineteen century with dozens of works published including an increasing number after the arrival of molecular studies (Sourakov & Zakharov 2011, Núñez et al 2012, 213, Matos-Maraví et al 2014).…”