CT volumetric analysis permits comparison of tongue size and tongue fat in different canine brachycephalic and mesaticephalic breeds

Song, Ava; Phillips, Heidi S.; Oliveira, Cintia R.; McCoy, Annette M.

doi:10.1111/vru.13221

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Specifically, OSA severity increases with the severity of parapharyngeal fat deposition 62 . Macroglossia contributes also to BOAS, and increased volume of tongue fat is reported in brachycephalic dogs 63‐65 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 62 Macroglossia contributes also to BOAS, and increased volume of tongue fat is reported in brachycephalic dogs. 63 , 64 , 65 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…62 Macroglossia contributes also to BOAS, and increased volume of tongue fat is reported in brachycephalic dogs. [63][64][65] In humans with OSA, disturbances in neural response lead to the inactivation of compensatory neuromuscular responses, including dilatation and elongation of the upper airways, following airway obstruction. 58 Increased connective tissue and abnormal morphology of muscle fibers are reported in the upper airway dilator muscles of English Bulldogs.…”

Section: Restlessmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of risk factors for sleep‐disordered breathing in dogs

Niinikoski,

Himanen,

Tenhunen

et al. 2024

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundBrachycephalic dogs display sleep‐disordered breathing (SDB). The risk factors for SDB remain unknown.ObjectivesTo identify risk factors for SDB. We hypothesized that brachycephaly, increasing severity of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS), excess weight, and aging predispose to SDB.AnimalsSixty‐three privately owned pet dogs were prospectively recruited: 28 brachycephalic and 35 normocephalic (mesaticephalic or dolicocephalic) dogs.MethodsProspective observational cross‐sectional study with convenience sampling. Recording with the neckband was done over 1 night at each dog's home. The primary outcome measure was the obstructive respiratory event index (OREI). Body condition score (BCS) was assessed, and BOAS severity was graded for brachycephalic dogs.ResultsBrachycephaly was a significant risk factor for high OREI value (ratio of the geometric means 5.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.2‐9.9; P < .001) but aging was not (1.1, 95% CI 1.0‐1.2; P = .2). Excess weight, defined as a BCS of over 5/9, (3.5, 95% CI 1.8‐6.7; P < .001) was a significant risk factor. In brachycephalic dogs, BOAS‐positive class (moderate or severe BOAS signs) was a significant risk factor (2.5, 95% CI 1.1‐5.6; P = .03).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceBrachycephaly decreases welfare in a multitude of ways, including disrupting sleep. Brachycephaly, increasing severity of BOAS and excess weight are risk factors for obstructive SDB.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 62 Macroglossia contributes also to BOAS, and increased volume of tongue fat is reported in brachycephalic dogs. 63 , 64 , 65 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Restlessmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Evaluation of risk factors for sleep‐disordered breathing in dogs

Niinikoski,

Himanen,

Tenhunen

et al. 2024

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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CT volumetric analysis permits comparison of tongue size and tongue fat in different canine brachycephalic and mesaticephalic breeds

Song

Phillips

Oliveira

et al. 2023

Vet Radiology Ultrasound

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While macroglossia is a newly accepted component of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) in dogs, macroglossia with increased tongue fat is a well-known cause for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in people, and targeted reduction procedures such as midline glossectomy are used to treat people with OSA. While midline glossectomy has been described in dogs, tissue contributions to macroglossia have not been characterized. The purpose of this retrospective, descriptive, case-control study was to describe and compare volumetric dimensions of the tongue and tongue fat in brachycephalic (BC) and mesaticephalic (MC) dogs using CT images. Data collected included head and neck CT images from 17 BC and 18 control MC dogs. Multiplanar reformatted and 3D reconstructed images were created using image segmentation and specialized visualization software to calculate volumetric dimensions of the total tongue, tongue fat, and tongue muscle. Rostral and caudal topographical distributions of fat were compared. Total tongue and tongue muscle volume (P < 0.0001) and tongue fat volume (P = 0.01) normalized to body weight (BW) were greater in BC dogs. More fat was localized in the caudal tongue in both groups (P < 0.04). In regression analysis, BC conformation and increased weight were significant predictors of increased tongue fat volume. As in people, increased tongue fat may contribute to macroglossia and sleepdisordered breathing in BC dogs. Use of CT volumetry to identify tongue fat deposits may permit targeted surgical reduction of tongue volume in BC dogs and contribute substantially to treatment of BOAS.

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Surgical management of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome: An update on options and outcomes

Wallace

2024

Veterinary Surgery

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Dogs with a brachycephalic conformation often experience a collection of abnormalities related to their craniofacial conformation, which can lead to a variety of clinical signs such as stertor, exercise intolerance, respiratory distress, and gastrointestinal signs such as regurgitation, among others. This collection of abnormalities is termed brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS). With the rise in popularity of several brachycephalic breeds, veterinarians and veterinary surgery specialists are seeing these dogs with increasing frequency for surgical and medical treatment of these clinical signs, leading to an increased interest in developing surgical techniques for dogs with BOAS and evaluating objective methods of determining outcome after surgery. Advances in anesthetic management including standardized protocols and use of local nerve blocks to decrease opiate use may decrease postoperative complications. A variety of new or modified surgical techniques to manage hyperplastic soft palate and stenotic nares, among other BOAS components, have been developed and studied in recent years. Newer studies have also focused on risk factors for development of major complications in the postoperative period and on objective measurements that may help determine which patients will receive the most benefit from BOAS surgery. In this review, the newest studies focused on updates in anesthetic management, surgical techniques, and postoperative care will be discussed. Additionally, updated information on complication rates and outcomes for dogs undergoing surgical management of BOAS will be included.

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CT volumetric analysis permits comparison of tongue size and tongue fat in different canine brachycephalic and mesaticephalic breeds

Cited by 4 publications

References 40 publications

Evaluation of risk factors for sleep‐disordered breathing in dogs

Evaluation of risk factors for sleep‐disordered breathing in dogs

CT volumetric analysis permits comparison of tongue size and tongue fat in different canine brachycephalic and mesaticephalic breeds

Surgical management of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome: An update on options and outcomes

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