CT Assessment of the Nasolacrimal Canal in a Black African Population

Fasina, Oluyemi; Ogbole, Godwin

doi:10.1097/iop.0b013e3182873d2e

Cited by 29 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The measurements of the NLD bone in our study are smaller than reported in the literature in several populations, such as Asians and Africans (Saxena; Janssen et al; Shigeta et al;McCormick & Sloan;Fasina & Ogbole;Takahashi et al, 2011Takahashi et al, , 2013Yong et al) that showed greater diameters than those found in our population (Table III). Our study in Mexican population reports values that tend to be smaller than those of other populations, so we believe that there are differences in the NLD between ethnic groups (Table III), which could explain differences between countries in prevalence of lower nasolacrimal duct obstruction in adults.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 56%

“…Variations in the diameter of the NLD have been studied in bone specimens and by computerized tomography (CT) (Saxena, 1984;Groessl et al;Janssen et al;Shigeta et al;McCormick & Sloan, 2009;Fasina & Ogbole, 2013;Ramey et al, 2013;Takahashi et al, 2011Takahashi et al, , 2013Yong et al, 2014) Obstruction of the NLD can occur anywhere in its trajectory; however, previous studies with dacryocystography and dacryoendoscopy have determined that in two thirds of patients, the most common site of obstruction is the entrance to its bony portion (62-73 %), and this is not always considered in CT studies (Sasaki et al, 2005;Francisco et al, 2007). The morphology of the entrance to the NLD varies among individuals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sex and Age Morphometric Variations in Bony Nasolacrimal Duct and Fossa for Lacrimal Gland in Mexican Population

et al. 2018

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SUMMARY:Primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction is greater in women over 40 years and has been associated with morphometric variations in the osseous nasolacrimal duct, which varies according to age and sex. The objective is to determine variations regarding sex and age of the nasolacrimal duct and osseous fossa for lacrimal gland. One hundred sixteen dry orbits from Mexican population were analyzed; subdivided into four groups based on age and sex. The length, transverse and anteroposterior diameters of the bone entrance of the nasolacrimal duct, and the length and width of the fossa for lacrimal gland were determined. Statistical tests were applied to determine the significance of the differences found between groups. The nasolacrimal duct in women had shorter length than men in both age groups. The entrance had a wider transverse diameter in women than men independently of age and its anteroposterior diameter was shorter in men under 40 years than over 40 years. The fossa for lacrimal gland was larger in women under 40 years than in men of same age group and women over 40 years old. The lower third of the was wider in women under 40 years than in women over 40 years. Our study confirms significant differences between sex and age groups in some of the morphometric measurements of bony nasolacrimal duct and fossa for lacrimal gland in Mexican population. Comparative studies with and without clinical illness are needed to clarify if the bony characteristics of those structures participate in the etiopathogenesis and distribution differences observed in sex, age and ethnicity of thisillness.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 56%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex and Age Morphometric Variations in Bony Nasolacrimal Duct and Fossa for Lacrimal Gland in Mexican Population

et al. 2018

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“…13 In Nigerian population it was found to be 3.52 mm (± 0.69 mm) and 3.36 mm ( ± 0.64 mm) in male and female patients respectively by CT scans. 14 Janssen et al 15 by using axial CT measured NLD diameter to be 3.5 mm in the control group and 3.0 mm in the patient group (primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction) which was significantly smaller than that in the control group and postulated that the smallest diameter of the bony canal is most relevant for ascertaining the origin of the obstruction of the lacrimal drainage system due to swelling of the mucosa. On the contrary McCormick and Sloan, 16 in a multiracial group study suggested that nasolacrimal canal diameter may not be a major factor for lacrimal drainage obstruction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Surgical Anatomy of Nasolacrimal Duct and Sac in Human Cadavers

Gupta¹,

Sahni²,

Goyal³

2014

An International Journal Clinical Rhinology

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Background: Surgical importance of the nasolacrimal duct (NLD) for both otolaryngologists and ophthalmologists cannot be overemphasized. Injury to this structure can lead to iatrogenic epiphora, synechiae formation and need for secondary lacrimal diversion procedures. Materials and methods:The present study was conducted on 27 mid-sagittal sections of head and neck of formalin fixed adult cadavers. The inferior opening of the NLD was identified and exposed. The duct and the lacrimal sac were dissected. Pertinent distances of the inferior opening of the NLD from the easily identifiable surgical landmarks were recorded, so as to accurately locate the inferior opening of the duct using a digital vernier calliper (accuracy 0.02 mm, Mitutoya, Japan). Various dimensions and angulation of the duct and lacrimal sac were measured. Results:The average length of NLD was 11.42 ± 2.45 mm and it was making an angle of 20° with the vertical plane. The duct was narrowest in caliber in its upper 1/3rd in majority (82%) of the cases. The average diameter of the inferior opening of the NLD was 3.14 mm. In two cases (7.4%), the opening was only 1.8 mm wide. The mean distance of the inferior opening of the duct was 20.7 mm from the columella, 25.5 mm below the skull base and 16.5 mm above the hard palate. The average distance between the inferior opening of the NLD and anterior end of the inferior turbinate was 14.8 mm. The mean A-P diameter of superior opening of NLD was about 3 mm. The average length and width of nasolacrimal sac at its center was 6.95 and 3.24 mm respectively. Conclusion:Detailed anatomical knowledge of the NLD is of great importance for safe and successful endonasal surgery. The present study attempts to provide useful surgical guidelines by using anatomic and positional relationships between the NLD and the major surrounding landmarks.

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“…While not significant, patients overall had larger volumes than controls, which was also found by association in other studies. 9,10 In one, researchers found that Nigerians had smaller diameter canals than Caucasians and Asians even though they had a lower prevalence of PNLDO. 10 In the other, Pacific People had larger diameters than Caucasian and New Zealand Maori, despite a higher incidence of dacryocystorhinostomy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4,5,6,7,8 In other association studies, researchers have found that populations that tend to have a higher prevalence of PNLDO actually have larger minimum diameters, implying that a large diameter may be an effect rather than a cause of PNLDO. 9,10 The discrepancy is in part due to the difficultly making a two dimensional measurement of a three dimensional space since the minimum diameter varies depending on the plane of the image. Only one study has examined the three dimensional characteristics of the nasolacrimal duct in normal subjects, but found no difference in the diameter or volume between groups of varying age, gender, or race.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-Dimensional Volumetric Assessment of the Nasolacrimal Duct in Patients With Obstruction

Estes

Tsiouris²,

Christos³

et al. 2015

Ophthalmic Plastic &Amp; Reconstructive Surgery

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Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine if a significant difference exists in the nasolacrimal duct volume of subjects with primary nasolacrimal duct obstruction (PNLDO) compared with controls. Methods This was a retrospective, case-controlled study of 70 subjects with prior maxillofacial CT scans, including 35 subjects with obstruction and 35 controls. Volume measurements of the nasolacrimal duct were made on a GE Advantage Workstation using volume viewer software, and measurements compared using an unpaired student t-test. Inter-rater and intra-rater reliability were calculated. Results There was no significant difference between the nasolacrimal duct volume in patients (0.411±0.18cm3) compared with controls (0.380±0.13cm3), p=0.23. Women had smaller volume ducts (0.356±0.11cm3) than men (0.482±0.19cm3), p<0.001. Male patients had smaller volume ducts (0.470±0.23cm3) than male controls (0.493±0.14cm3), p=0.70, while female patients (0.384±0.13cm3) had significantly larger volume ducts than female controls (0.328±0.08cm3), p=0.01. There was excellent inter- and intra-rater reliability. Conclusions CT 3-D volumetric software can be used to accurately measure the nasolacrimal duct volume in patients with obstruction. Both the absence of a significant difference between patient and control nasolacrimal duct volumes plus the overlap in range between the two groups imply that the volume of the tear duct is likely not related to the etiology of obstruction. The increase in volume seen in females with obstruction may be due to expansion of the bony canal during the post-menopausal years. The exact etiology of PNLDO requires further investigation.

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CT Assessment of the Nasolacrimal Canal in a Black African Population

Abstract: The mean bony nasolacrimal canal diameter as measured by CT in Nigerians is smaller than those reported in African Americans, Asians, and Caucasians despite the reported lower prevalence of PANDO among blacks.

Cited by 29 publications

References 9 publications

Sex and Age Morphometric Variations in Bony Nasolacrimal Duct and Fossa for Lacrimal Gland in Mexican Population

Sex and Age Morphometric Variations in Bony Nasolacrimal Duct and Fossa for Lacrimal Gland in Mexican Population

Surgical Anatomy of Nasolacrimal Duct and Sac in Human Cadavers

Three-Dimensional Volumetric Assessment of the Nasolacrimal Duct in Patients With Obstruction

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