Crystallization and welding variations in a widespread ignimbrite sheet; the Rattlesnake Tuff, eastern Oregon, USA

Streck, Martin J.; Grunder, Anita L.

doi:10.1007/bf00265035

Cited by 137 publications

(126 citation statements)

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“…Vapor-phase formation of tridymite (along with sanidine and iron oxides) occurs in vugs and lithophysae in rhyolitic ash-flow tuff (28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35). For example, the mineral stratigraphy within compound cooling units of a rhyolitic ash-flow tuff showed tridymite is most abundant (∼25 wt.%) in the central zone where temperatures were highest and occurs along with sanidine as crystals growing into voids; cristobalite and sanidine occur in cooler zones where replacement of glass predominates (30).…”

Section: Tridymite Formation Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silicic volcanism on Mars evidenced by tridymite in high-SiO ₂ sedimentary rock at Gale crater

Morris

Vaniman

Blake

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

183

230

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Tridymite, a low-pressure, high-temperature (>870°C) SiO 2 polymorph, was detected in a drill sample of laminated mudstone (Buckskin) at Marias Pass in Gale crater, Mars, by the Chemistry and Mineralogy X-ray diffraction instrument onboard the Mars Science Laboratory rover Curiosity. The tridymitic mudstone has ∼40 wt.% crystalline and ∼60 wt.% X-ray amorphous material and a bulk composition with ∼74 wt.% SiO 2 (Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer analysis). Plagioclase (∼17 wt.% of bulk sample), tridymite (∼14 wt.%), sanidine (∼3 wt.%), cation-deficient magnetite (∼3 wt.%), cristobalite (∼2 wt.%), and anhydrite (∼1 wt.%) are the mudstone crystalline minerals. Amorphous material is silica-rich (∼39 wt.% opal-A and/or high-SiO 2 glass and opal-CT), volatile-bearing (16 wt.% mixed cation sulfates, phosphates, and chlorides−perchlorates−chlorates), and has minor TiO 2 and Fe 2 O 3 T oxides (∼5 wt.%). Rietveld refinement yielded a monoclinic structural model for a well-crystalline tridymite, consistent with high formation temperatures. Terrestrial tridymite is commonly associated with silicic volcanism, and detritus from such volcanism in a "Lake Gale" catchment environment can account for Buckskin's tridymite, cristobalite, feldspar, and any residual high-SiO 2 glass. These cogenetic detrital phases are possibly sourced from the Gale crater wall/rim/central peak. Opaline silica could form during diagenesis from high-SiO 2 glass, as amorphous precipitated silica, or as a residue of acidic leaching in the sediment source region or at Marias Pass. The amorphous mixed-cation salts and oxides and possibly the crystalline magnetite (otherwise detrital) are primary precipitates and/ or their diagenesis products derived from multiple infiltrations of aqueous solutions having variable compositions, temperatures, and acidities. Anhydrite is post lithification fracture/vein fill.Mars | tridymite | Gale crater | lake | volcanism T he Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) rover, Curiosity, has been exploring sedimentary rocks within Gale crater since landing in August 2012, and progressing upward through a sequence of strata exposed along the lower slopes of Aeolis Mons (informally known as Mount Sharp). This traverse has taken Curiosity through sequences of fluvial, deltaic, and lacustrine sediments (e.g., ref. 1). On sol 1057 (the number of martian days since landing), Curiosity began preparations for collecting drill powder from high-silica sedimentary rock at a location named Buckskin. We describe the geologic setting of the Buckskin sample location, the detection of significant amounts of the silica polymorph tridymite by the MSL Chemistry and Mineralogy (CheMin) X-ray diffraction instrument, and its implications for volcanism on Mars. Geologic SettingThe Buckskin outcrop is part of the Murray formation of lacustrine mudstones exposed in the Marias Pass area (SI Appendix, Figs. S1 and S2). The formation was previously studied in the Pahrump Hills (Fig. 1A). Here the laminae have a mean thickness of ∼0.5 mm and are characteristical...

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Section: Tridymite Formation Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silicic volcanism on Mars evidenced by tridymite in high-SiO ₂ sedimentary rock at Gale crater

Morris

Vaniman

Blake

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

183

230

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“…Only the RST has been studied in detail [e.g., Streck, 2002 ;Streck and Grunder, 1995, 1999. A few of the domes have vented smaller volume ash-flow tuffs that are still preserved and there are likely more, yet undocumented, small volume <12 Ma tuffs in the HLP and NWBR.…”

Section: Geochronology and Geologic Background Of The Hlp-nwbrmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Streck and Grunder [1995] calculated the volume of the RST at 280 km 3 DRE. The PCT and DCT (Figure 3) are estimated to be 100-150 and 200-300 km 3 respectively [Green, 1973].…”

Section: Rhyolite Volumementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Plush Tuff, exposed at Hart Mountain, is undated and has a possible source near Beatys Butte [Mathis, 1993;Larson, 1965]. The volume estimate of the smaller tuffs is based on outcrop coverage and thickness from previous reconnaissance mapping and by using the approximations of Streck and Grunder [1995] to account for erosional loss, air fall, and conversion to DRE, using the RST as an analog. The total volume of all of the tuffs is likely 800-850 km 3 .…”

Section: Rhyolite Volumementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This pulse was soon followed by voluminous rhyolite volcanism within the HLP from 7.3 to 6.9 Ma, including many domes and the 280 km 3 RST at 7.1 Ma [Streck and Grunder, 1995;Jordan et al, 2004], representing approximately a quarter of the total volume of silicic magmatism ( Figure 3d). In part, the basaltic flows and voluminous RST may well have covered rhyolitic lavas erupted coeval with basaltic lavas or there may have been a thermal lag between basalt and rhyolite activity [Jackson et al, 2003].…”

Section: Basal-rhyolite Connection and Timing Of Volcanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bimodal volcanism of the High Lava Plains and Northwestern Basin and Range of Oregon: Distribution and tectonic implications of age‐progressive rhyolites

Ford

Grunder

Duncan

2013

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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[1] Multiple episodes of Oligocene and younger silicic volcanism are represented in the high lava plateau of central and southeastern Oregon. From 12 Ma to Recent, volcanism is strongly bimodal with nearly equal volumes of basalt and rhyolite. It is characterized by moderate to high silica (SiO 2 >72 wt. %) rhyolitic tuffs and domes that are younger to the west, and widespread, tholeiitic basalts that show no temporal pattern. We report 18 new 40 Ar/ 39 Ar incremental heating ages on rhyolites, and establish that the timing of the age-progressive rhyolites is decoupled from basaltic pulses. This work expands on that of previous workers by clearly linking the High Lava Plains (HLP) and northwestern-most Basin and Range (NWBR) rhyolite volcanism into a single age-progressive trend. The spatial-temporal relationship of the rhyolite outcrops and regional tectonics indicate that subsidence due to increasingly dense crust creates large, primarily sediment-filled basins within the more volcanically active HLP. The westnorthwest age progression in rhyolitic volcanism is counter to the trend expected for a quasi-stationary mantle upwelling relative to North American plate motion. We attribute the rhyolitic age progression to mantle upwelling in response to slab rollback and steepening, and this is consistent with mantle anisotropy under the region and analog slab rollback models. This removes the necessity of deep mantle plume involvement. Laboratory experimental studies indicate that the geometry of the downgoing slab can focus upwelling or asthenospheric counterflow into a constricted band, resulting in greater volcanic volumes in the HLP as compared to the NWBR.

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Vesiculation in rhyolite at low H₂O contents: A thermodynamic model

Ryan

Russell

Hess³

et al. 2015

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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Key Points High-T experiments reveal kinetics of bubble nucleation and growth in rhyolite  XCT gives bubble numbers and size distributions at experimental conditions  Vesiculation in rhyolite is modeled using chemical affinity and melt viscosity 2 AbstractWe present experimental data on the thermodynamics and kinetics of bubble nucleation and growth in weakly H2O-oversaturated rhyolitic melts. The high-temperature (900-1100°C) experiments involve heating of rhyolitic obsidian from Hrafntinnuhryggur, Krafla, Iceland to above their glass transition temperature (Tg ~ 690°C) at 0.1 MPa for times of 0.25-24 hours.During experiments, the rhyolite cores increase in volume as H2O vapour-filled bubbles nucleate and expand. The extent of vesiculation, as tracked by porosity, is mapped in temperature-time (T-t) space. At constant temperature and for a characteristic dwell time, the rhyolite cores achieve a maximum volume where the T-t conditions reach thermochemical equilibrium. For each T-t snapshot of vesiculation, we use 3D analysis of X-ray computed tomographic (XCT) images of the quenched cores to obtain the bubble number density (BND) and bubble size distribution (BSD). BNDs for the experimental cores are insensitive to T and t, indicating a single nucleation event. All BSDs converge to a common distribution, independent of T, melt viscosity (η), or initial degree of saturation, suggesting a common growth process. We use these data to calibrate an empirical model for predicting the rates and amounts of vesiculation in rhyolitic melts as a function of η and thermochemical affinity (A): two computable parameters that are dependent on T, pressure and H2O content. The model reproduces the experimental dataset and data from the literature to within experimental error, and has application to natural volcanic systems where bubble formation and growth are not diffusion limited (e.g., lavas, domes, ignimbrites, conduit infill).

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Crystallization and welding variations in a widespread ignimbrite sheet; the Rattlesnake Tuff, eastern Oregon, USA

Cited by 137 publications

References 24 publications

Silicic volcanism on Mars evidenced by tridymite in high-SiO ₂ sedimentary rock at Gale crater

Silicic volcanism on Mars evidenced by tridymite in high-SiO ₂ sedimentary rock at Gale crater

Bimodal volcanism of the High Lava Plains and Northwestern Basin and Range of Oregon: Distribution and tectonic implications of age‐progressive rhyolites

Vesiculation in rhyolite at low H₂O contents: A thermodynamic model

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Crystallization and welding variations in a widespread ignimbrite sheet; the Rattlesnake Tuff, eastern Oregon, USA

Cited by 137 publications

References 24 publications

Silicic volcanism on Mars evidenced by tridymite in high-SiO 2 sedimentary rock at Gale crater

Silicic volcanism on Mars evidenced by tridymite in high-SiO 2 sedimentary rock at Gale crater

Bimodal volcanism of the High Lava Plains and Northwestern Basin and Range of Oregon: Distribution and tectonic implications of age‐progressive rhyolites

Vesiculation in rhyolite at low H2O contents: A thermodynamic model

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Silicic volcanism on Mars evidenced by tridymite in high-SiO ₂ sedimentary rock at Gale crater

Silicic volcanism on Mars evidenced by tridymite in high-SiO ₂ sedimentary rock at Gale crater

Vesiculation in rhyolite at low H₂O contents: A thermodynamic model