Crystal Growth Regulation of 2D/3D Perovskite Films for Solar Cells with Both High Efficiency and Stability

Abstract

2D perovskites, such as 2D Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) and 2D Dion-Jacobson (DJ) perovskites, have attracted much attention owning to their better structure and environmental stability compared with their 3D analogs. [12][13][14][15][16] However, the efficiencies of 2D PSCs are still much lower than that of state-of-theart 3D PSCs. One strategy to combine the advantages of the high stability of 2D perovskite and high efficiency of 3D perovskite is developing the 2D/3D hybrid perovskites by embedding a highly stable 2D perovskite into a 3D perovskite matrix. So far, the 2D/3D hybrid perovskites has shown great promise in high performance PSCs, which may promote the commercial application of this technology. [17][18][19][20][21] In 2017, Snaith et al. reported that the introducing of n-butylammonium (BA) cations into a mixed-cation 3D perovskite using a one-step deposition method achieved an average stabilized PCE of ≈17.5% with a 1.61-eV-bandgap perovskite. [19] In 2019, 2-thiophenemethylammonium (ThMA) was used as organic spacer to construct the 2D/3D perovskite. It was found that the ThMAI could assist the perovskite crystal growth and orientation, achieving a high efficiency of 21.49% with significantly improved film and device stability. [20] Huang et al. reported that incorporating 0.83 molar percent phenethylammonium chloride (PEACl) into perovskite inks enables highly crystalline formamidine (FA)-alloyed perovskites with extraordinary optoelectronic properties and achieving a high efficiency of 22.0%. [22] Due to the abundant and inevitable defects generated during film fabrication, the quality of the solution-processed perovskite films play a very important role for their photovoltaic properties and device stability. Although some excellent works have been done to improve the PCE and stability by developing different organic spacers, [19][20][21][22][23][24] the crystal nucleation and growth mechanism of 2D/3D perovskite is still not very clear and is largely unexplored. Moreover, the development of efficient crystal growth regulation strategies and understanding the crystallization kinetics in 2D/3D perovskite films are the path to high performance PSCs for future commercial application.In this work, we demonstrate the fabrication of high-quality 2D/3D hybrid perovskite by crystal growth regulation with 2D (NpMA) 2 PbI 4 perovskite. A 2D (NpMA) 2 PbI 4 perovskite and 1-naphthalenemethylammonium iodide (NpMAI) were introduced to the PbI 2 precursor respectively to modulate the crystal growth in 2D/3D perovskite film using a two-step deposition method. The cross-section scanning electron microscopy Reducing the electronic defects in perovskite films has become a substantial challenge to further boost the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells. Here, 2D (NpMA) 2 PbI 4 perovskite and 1-naphthalenemethylammonium iodide (NpMAI) are separately introduced into the PbI 2 precursor solutions to regulate the crystal growth in a 2D/3D perovskite film using a two-step deposition method. The (NpMA) 2 PbI 4 modul...

Efficient and Stable 3D/2D Perovskite Solar Cells through Vertical Heterostructures with (BA)4AgBiBr8 Nanosheets

“…It has been widely reported that the incorporation of 2D perovskites in PVSCs could enhance device stability due to their excellent intrinsic stability. [35,[43][44][45] Therefore, we further measured the thermostability and photostability of PVSC based on 3D/2D heterostructure and control device. [18,21,22] As shown in Figure 4a,b, the evolution of PCE, V OC , FF, and J SC over 1000 h was recorded for the control and 3D/2D devices under 65 °C in nitrogen atmosphere.…”

A boosting carrier transfer passivation layer for achieving efficient perovskite solar cells

“…The curve of V OC with light intensity has been widely used to investigate non-recombination in perovskite solar cells. 48,49 The value of the slope reflects the non-recombination according to eqn (3): 50,51…”

“…The curve of V OC with light intensity has been widely used to investigate non-recombination in perovskite solar cells. 48,49 The value of the slope reflects the non-recombination according to eqn (3): 50,51 where k B is the Boltzmann constant, n is the ideality factor, and T is the thermodynamic temperature. As shown in Fig.…”

High-performance large-area perovskite photovoltaic modules

“…The long-term stability of small-area Pero-SCs has reached about one year, far below 25 years of silicon cells [68]. To date, a series of strategies have been adopted to improve the device stability, such as grain boundary passivation [69], interface/stress engineering [70][71][72][73], low dimension structure [68,74,75], and device encapsulation [76]. Here, the degradation of PPMs will be highlighted to analyze the module stability issue with the relative scribes.…”