Crystal growth above 2200°C by the verneuil method (part II)

Pastor, A.C.; Pastor, R.C.

doi:10.1016/0025-5408(67)90032-3

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…5 Pastor and Pastor emphasized the necessity of adding an auxiliary heat source to compensate for the powder stream radiation loss, if cubic RE 2 O 3 crystals of size and quality suitable for laser applications are to be grown. 7 The high temperature required to increase the crystal diameter ($2030 C) raised the question of the refractory materials capable of withstanding such temperatures for the duration of a crystal growth run with a tolerable amount of creep. They also underlined the problem related to the buckling of the pedestal, ceramic tube or rod on which the crystal is grown, which impedes the correct alignment of the powder stream and the growing boule.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flux growth of Yb3+-doped RE2O3 (RE = Y,Lu) single crystals at half their melting point temperature

et al. 2011

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flux growth of Yb3+-doped RE2O3 (RE = Y,Lu) single crystals at half their melting point temperature

et al. 2011

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“…Some conventional methods such as the Verneui method [4], the plasma float-zone process [5] and the flux method [6] have been reported to grow a Y 2 O 3 single crystal. However, in the former two processes via melt, not only it is necessary to heat the starting material above the melting point in order to grow a single crystal, but also a severe fracture problem appears during cooling.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

C-type cubic YO single crystal growth by electrolysis of Y ion conducting solid electrolyte

Masui¹,

Kim²,

Imanaka³

2004

Solid State Ionics

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“…Initial growth attempts of sesquioxides utilized the Verneuil method [2,3] or the floating zone technique [4]. The resulting mm-size crystals of low quality were utilized for the initial determination of the optical and thermomechanical properties of these materials and even allowed for first flash-lamp-pumped laser experiments [5].…”

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confidence: 99%

Thermo-optic properties of Yb:Lu2O3 single crystals

et al. 2015

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Lu 2 O 3 ). Initial growth attempts of sesquioxides utilized the Verneuil method [2,3] or the floating zone technique [4]. The resulting mm-size crystals of low quality were utilized for the initial determination of the optical and thermomechanical properties of these materials and even allowed for first flash-lamp-pumped laser experiments [5]. Afterward, different growth methods such as the laser-heated pedestal growth (LHPG) [6], the micro-pulling down technique [7] and the Czochralski technique [8] were applied, but still the crystals were limited in size and quality. It was not before 2008 that by the optimization of the heat exchanger method [9] the growth of cm-scale single-crystalline sesquioxides with excellent optical quality became possible [10]. In the following years, in particular cubic sesquioxide host material lutetia (Lu 2 O 3 ) has been shown to be an excellent host material for various rare earth ions [11]. Efficient and high-power laser operation has been demonstrated utilizing various laser ions such as Yb 3+ [12,13] at 1 µm, Tm 3+ [14] and Ho 3+ [15] at 2 µm as well as Er 3+ at 3 µm [16].These outstanding laser results obtained in the past motivate a reexamination of the thermo-optic properties of Lu 2 O 3 that affect the parameters of the thermal lens. The lens-like behavior is related with three main effects, namely temperature dependence of the refractive index (expressed by the thermo-optic coefficient, dn/dT), end-bulging related to the thermal expansion coefficient α, as well as photoelastic effect that is responsible for the lens astigmatism and birefringence losses. Under the plane stress approximation (that refers to the diode pumping case), first two terms are dominant [17]. Thus, the knowledge of dn/dT and α values as well as their combination, called thermal coefficient of the optical path (TCOP) [18], is crucial for the determination of the thermal lens parameters and, hence, the cavity design. Indeed, non-compensated thermal lens can lead to Abstract A detailed study of thermo-optic properties of 1.5 at.% Yb:Lu 2 O 3 single crystal is performed. Thermooptic dispersion formulas are derived for dn/dT coefficient and thermal coefficient of the optical path. At the wavelength of 1.03 μm, dn/dT = 5.8 × 10 −6 K −1 . High-precision temperature-dependent measurements of the thermal expansion coefficient α are performed. At the room temperature (RT), α = 5.880 ± 0.014 × 10 −6 K −1 . Temperature dependence of the bandgap is analyzed, yielding RT value of E g = 5.15 eV and dE g /dT = -3.7 × 10 −4 eV/K. Sensitivity factor of the thermal lens is calculated for a diodepumped Yb:Lu 2 O 3 crystal versus the pump spot radius and crystal temperature.

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Crystal growth above 2200°C by the verneuil method (part II)

Cited by 15 publications

References 4 publications

Flux growth of Yb3+-doped RE2O3 (RE = Y,Lu) single crystals at half their melting point temperature

Flux growth of Yb3+-doped RE2O3 (RE = Y,Lu) single crystals at half their melting point temperature

C-type cubic YO single crystal growth by electrolysis of Y ion conducting solid electrolyte

Thermo-optic properties of Yb:Lu2O3 single crystals

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