Cryogenic Technology

Barron, Randall F.

doi:10.1002/14356007.b03_20

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 44 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Hydrogen peroxide is produced by the anthraquinone process . The hydrogen carrier, 2-amylanthraquinone, is prepared by the reaction of amylbenzene and phthalic anhydride. , Pure oxygen is produced by the cryogenic separation of air (LINDE process) …”

Section: Environmental Impact Assessments Of the Po Processes: Method...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Economic and Environmental Assessments of H₂O₂-based and Tertiary Butyl Hydroperoxide-based Propylene Oxide Technologies

Ghanta

Fahey

Busch

et al. 2013

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Until a decade ago, the industrial technologies for producing propylene oxide from propylene were predominantly based on variations of the venerable chlorohydrin and organic hydroperoxide processes. Within the past decade, highly selective H 2 O 2 -based propylene epoxidation technologies have been developed by Dow-BASF (HPPO process) and the University of Kansas Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis (CEBC-PO process). We present comparative economic and environmental impact analyses based on plant scale simulations of the processes for an assumed 200,000 tonnes/yr of PO production capacity and employing relevant process data from the literature. The predicted capital costs for the CEBC-PO process ($228 million) and HPPO process ($275 million) are lower than the conventional PO/ TBA process ($372 million). The PO production costs via the conventional PO/TBA and HPPO processes are 150.4¢/lb PO (profit 87.9¢/lb, assuming a market value of 41¢/lb for the TBA co-product and 42¢/lb for the enriched propane co-product) and 107.1¢/lb PO (profit 36.1¢/lb, assuming a market value of 42¢/lb for the enriched propane co-product), respectively. For the CEBC-PO process, the production cost is 90.6¢/lb PO (profit 30.4¢/lb), assuming a life of one year for the methyltrioxorhenium catalyst and a catalyst leaching rate of 9.3 × 10 −2 lb/h (or 1.6 ppm Re in the reactor effluent). The comparative economic analysis suggests that the CEBC-PO process has potential for being economically competitive and establishes quantitative catalyst performance metrics for achieving the same. Quantitative cradle-to-gate LCA shows that the environmental impacts of producing PO by the conventional PO/TBA, HPPO, and CEBC-PO processes are of the same order of magnitude. The lower GHG emissions predicted for the HPPO and CEBC-PO technologies, compared to the PO/TBA process, lie within the prediction uncertainty of this analysis. This comparative LCA analysis traces the adverse environmental impacts to sources outside the propylene oxide plant in all three processes: fossil fuel-based energy (natural gas, transportation fuel) utilization during raw material (i-butane, propylene and hydrogen peroxide) production.

show abstract

Section: Environmental Impact Assessments Of the Po Processes: Method...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Economic and Environmental Assessments of H₂O₂-based and Tertiary Butyl Hydroperoxide-based Propylene Oxide Technologies

Ghanta

Fahey

Busch

et al. 2013

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Methanol is obtained via the ICI process wherein methane is steam reformed to produce synthesis gas which is transformed to methanol. Pure argon and oxygen are produced by the cryogenic separation of air (Linde process) .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is the Liquid-Phase H₂O₂-Based Ethylene Oxide Process More Economical and Greener Than the Gas-Phase O₂-Based Silver-Catalyzed Process?

Ghanta¹,

Ruddy²,

Fahey³

et al. 2012

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

An ethylene epoxidation process concept that employs methyltrioxorhenium (MTO) as catalyst and H 2 O 2 as oxidant and selectively produces EO (with no CO 2 as byproduct) has been demonstrated recently by researchers at the University of Kansas Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis (CEBC). On the basis of a plant-scale simulation of the CEBC process using Aspen HYSYS, preliminary economic and environmental assessments of the process are performed, both of which are benchmarked against the conventional silver-catalyzed ethylene epoxidation process. The capital costs for both processes lie within prediction uncertainty. The EO production cost for the conventional process is estimated to be 58 ¢/lb EO.The CEBC process has the potential to be competitive with the conventional process if the MTO catalyst remains active, selective and stable for at least one year at a leaching rate of approximately 0.11 lb MTO/h (or 0.7 ppm Re in the reactor effluent). While CO 2 emissions as byproduct are eliminated in the CEBC process, comparative cradle-to-gate life cycle assessments (LCA) reveal that the quantitative overall environmental impacts on air quality, water quality, and greenhouse gas emissions are similar for both processes and lie within the uncertainties of such predictions. The LCA results point to sources outside the EO production plants as the major contributors to potential environmental impacts: natural gas-based energy required for raw material production (ethylene in both processes and hydrogen peroxide in the CEBC process) and to the significant requirements of coal-based electrical power for compressing large volumes of recycled ethylene and diluent gases in the conventional process. H 2 O 2 production via a highly selective direct synthesis route and effective H 2 O 2 utilization/recycle (without decomposing it) will further reduce the environmental footprint of the CEBC-EO process.

show abstract

“…Figure 5 shows the schematics of the ideal system and the temperature-entropy variation diagram. Applying the first and second laws of thermodynamics around the whole system, the following expression, Equation ( 6), can be obtained for the ideal work, which is equal to the minimum work requirement for the liquefaction of a gas [2]:…”

Section: Performance Indicators and Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rapid advancements in many scientific domains are made possible by cryogenic technologies, including superconductivity in physics, cryogenic synthesis in chemistry, long-term storage of biological cells in biology, cryogenic electron microscopy in analytic sciences, and calibration in instrumentation. Cryogenic technology is also widely used for medical applications; for instance, liquid nitrogen is used to protect blood, tissue, etc., for an extended time [2]. Cryogenic fluids can be kept for many months in low-pressure insulated storage tanks with minimum loss [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive Thermodynamic Performance Evaluation of Various Gas Liquefaction Cycles for Cryogenic Energy Storage

Kılıç,

Altun

2023

Sustainability

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This paper conducts comparative thermodynamic analysis and performance evaluations of various gas liquefaction configurations. The four most common liquefaction systems (Linde–Hampson, Kapitza, Heylandt, and Claude) were considered. The isothermal and multi-stage isentropic compression processes were evaluated and compared as actual compression processes. Thermodynamic evaluation is based on the energy required to compress a unit mass of gas, the liquefied air mass flow rate, and the exergetic efficiency. The modeling results show that three-stage compression cycles retain lower energy requirements. Increasing the compression stage from one to two for all the processes decreases the energy requirement by 34 to 38%. Changing the compression stage number from two to three reduces the energy requirement by 13%. The compression pressure and expander flow rate ratio significantly affect the liquefied air mass flow rate. Hence, a parametric analysis was conducted to obtain the best operating conditions for each considered cycle. Depending on the compression pressure, the optimum expander flow rate values of the Claude, Kapitza, and Heylandt cycles change from 0.65 to 0.5, 0.65 to 0.55, and 0.35 to 0.30, respectively. For the optimum cases, the Claude, Kapitza, and Heylandt cycles result in liquid yields that are about 2.5, 2.2, and 1.6 times higher than that of the Linde–Hampson cycle. The Claude cycle is the best operating cycle for all the considered performance metrics. Moreover, the performances of the Linde–Hampson and Claude cycles are investigated for various gases. Under the same operating conditions, the results show that better performance parameters are obtained with the gases that have relatively high normal boiling temperatures.

show abstract

Cryogenic Technology

Abstract: The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Uses … Show more

Cited by 4 publications

References 44 publications

Comparative Economic and Environmental Assessments of H₂O₂-based and Tertiary Butyl Hydroperoxide-based Propylene Oxide Technologies

Comparative Economic and Environmental Assessments of H₂O₂-based and Tertiary Butyl Hydroperoxide-based Propylene Oxide Technologies

Is the Liquid-Phase H₂O₂-Based Ethylene Oxide Process More Economical and Greener Than the Gas-Phase O₂-Based Silver-Catalyzed Process?

Comprehensive Thermodynamic Performance Evaluation of Various Gas Liquefaction Cycles for Cryogenic Energy Storage

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Cryogenic Technology

Abstract: The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Uses … Show more

Cited by 4 publications

References 44 publications

Comparative Economic and Environmental Assessments of H2O2-based and Tertiary Butyl Hydroperoxide-based Propylene Oxide Technologies

Comparative Economic and Environmental Assessments of H2O2-based and Tertiary Butyl Hydroperoxide-based Propylene Oxide Technologies

Is the Liquid-Phase H2O2-Based Ethylene Oxide Process More Economical and Greener Than the Gas-Phase O2-Based Silver-Catalyzed Process?

Comprehensive Thermodynamic Performance Evaluation of Various Gas Liquefaction Cycles for Cryogenic Energy Storage

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Comparative Economic and Environmental Assessments of H₂O₂-based and Tertiary Butyl Hydroperoxide-based Propylene Oxide Technologies

Comparative Economic and Environmental Assessments of H₂O₂-based and Tertiary Butyl Hydroperoxide-based Propylene Oxide Technologies

Is the Liquid-Phase H₂O₂-Based Ethylene Oxide Process More Economical and Greener Than the Gas-Phase O₂-Based Silver-Catalyzed Process?