The high-spin dichloro Mn 2+ and Fe 2+ complexes of 4,11-dimethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazabicyclo[6.6.2]hexadecane (1) and 4, 10-dimethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazabicyclo[5.5.2]tetradecane (2) provide durable new compounds of these elements for important fundamental studies and applications. The compounds are especially noteable for their exceptional kinetic stabilities and redox activity. The X-ray crystal structures of all four complexes demonstrate that the ligands enforce a distorted octahedral geometry on the metals with two cis sites occupied by labile chloride ligands. Magnetic measurements reveal that all are high spin with typical magnetic moments. Cyclic voltammetry of the complexes shows reversible redox processes at +0.110 and +0.038 V (versus SHE) for the Fe 3+ /Fe 2+ couples of Fe(1)Cl 2 and Fe(2)Cl 2 , respectively, while the Mn 3+ /Mn 2+ and Mn 4+ /Mn 3+ couples were observed at +0.585 and +1.343 V, and +0.466 and +1.232 V for the complexes Mn(1)Cl 2 and Mn(2)Cl 2 , respectively. Mn 2+ (1) was found to react with H 2 O 2 and other oxidizing agents to produce the Mn 4+ (1) complex. The catalytic efficacy of Mn 4+ (1) in aqueous solution has been assessed in the epoxidation reaction of carbamazepine and hydrogen abstraction reaction with 1,4-cyclohexadiene. The complex has been found to be a selective catalyst, exhibiting moderate catalytic activity in oxygen transfer, but significantly more effective catalytic activity in hydrogen abstraction reactions.

Electrochemical and electron spin resonance studies have been carried out on an extensive series of macrocyclic complexes of nickel, which vary in the nature and degree of ligand unsaturation, charge type, and ring size. Oxidation of complexes containing neutral and dianion ligand systems produces stable six-coordinate and square planar nickel(III) species, respectively. The one-electron reduction products of the parent nickel(II) macrocycles exist as either d9 nickel® complexes or as metal stabilized anion radicals, depending upon the nature of the ligand unsaturation. The overall redox behavior of the family of macrocycles is discussed in terms of their chemical reactivity patterns, stereochemistry, and charge type. Comparisons are made to other similarly structured complex types including the tetraphenylporphyrin complexes of nickel. The significant chemical behavior of transition metal complexes very often depends on their facile redox properties. This is true to a large degree for the natural and synthetic complexes involving macrocyclic ligands. These substances undergo a diverse array of chemical reactions, such as ligand oxidative dehydrogenation,1-5 metal alkylation,6-6 ligand substitution,10-12 and hydrogenation.13-15 The success of some of these reactions is intimately linked with the ability of higher and lower oxidation states of these complexes to function as reactive intermediates.The ability of macrocyclic ligands to stabilize a wide range of oxidation states of a coordinated metal ion has been amply demonstrated by the studies of Olson and Vasilevskis.16 Simultaneous and subsequent work conducted in our laboratories1 11 17 18 and by Endicott and coworkers19 has proven the generality of their observations. It becomes highly significant, therefore, when the availability of an extensive series of macrocyclic complexes permits an opportunity, to provide a sound chemical basis for the evaluation of redox-structure relationships.We present here a (1) J.

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A novel monomeric tetravalent manganese complex with the cross-bridged cyclam ligand 4,11-dimethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazabicyclo[6.6.2]hexadecane (Me2EBC), [Mn(IV)(Me2EBC)(OH)2](PF6)2, was synthesized by oxidation of Mn(II)(Me2EBC)Cl2 with H2O2 in the presence of NH4PF6)in aqueous solution. The X-ray crystal structure determination of this manganese(IV) compound revealed that it contains two rare terminal hydroxo ligands. EPR studies in dry acetonitrile at 77 K show two broad resonances at g = 1.96 and 3.41, indicating that the manganese(IV) exists as a high-spin d3 species. Resonance Raman (rR) spectra of this manganese(IV) species reveal that the dihydroxy moiety, Mn(IV)(OH)2, is also the dominant species in aqueous solution (pH < 7). pH titration provides two pK(a) values, 6.86(4) and 10.0(1), associated with stepwise removal of the last two oxygen-bound protons from [Mn(IV)(Me2EBC)(OH)2](2+). The cyclic voltammetry of this manganese(IV) complex in dry acetonitrile at 298 K demonstrates two reversible redox processes at +0.756 and -0.696 V (versus SHE) for the Mn4+/Mn3+ and Mn3+/Mn2+ couples, respectively. This manganese(IV) complex is relatively stable in weak acidic aqueous solution but easily degrades in basic solution to manganese(III) derivatives with an 88 +/- 1% yield.

The work summarized here demonstrates a new concept for exploiting dense phase CO(2), media considered to be "green" solvents, for homogeneous catalytic oxidation reactions. According to this concept, the conventional organic solvent medium used in catalytic chemical reactions is replaced substantially (up to 80 vol %) by CO(2), at moderate pressures (tens of bars), to create a continuum of CO(2)-expanded solvent media. A particular benefit is found for oxidation catalysis; the presence of CO(2) in the mixed medium increases the O(2) solubility by ca. 100 times compared to that in the neat organic solvent while the retained organic solvent serves an essential role by solubilizing the transition metal catalyst. We show that CO(2)-expanded solvents provide optimal properties for maximizing oxidation rates that are typically 1-2 orders of magnitude greater than those obtained with either the neat organic solvent or supercritical CO(2) as the reaction medium. These advantages are demonstrated with examples of homogeneous oxidations of a substituted phenol and of cyclohexene by molecular O(2) using transition metal catalysts, cobalt Schiff-base and iron porphyrin complexes, respectively, in CO(2)-expanded CH(3)CN.

Clarifying the difference in redox reactivity between the metal oxo and metal hydroxo moieties for the same redox active metal ion in identical structures and oxidation states, that is, M(n+)O and M(n+)-OH, contributes to the understanding of nature's choice between them (M(n+)O or M(n+)-OH) as key active intermediates in redox enzymes and electron transfer enzymes, and provides a basis for the design of synthetic oxidation catalysts. The newly synthesized manganese(IV) complex having two hydroxide ligands, [Mn(Me(2)EBC)(2)(OH)(2)](PF(6))(2), serves as the prototypic example to address this issue, by investigating the difference in the hydrogen abstracting abilities of the Mn(IV)O and Mn(IV)-OH functional groups. Independent thermodynamic evaluations of the O-H bond dissociation energies (BDE(OH)) for the corresponding reduction products, Mn(III)-OH and Mn(III)-OH(2), reveal very similar oxidizing power for Mn(IV)O and Mn(IV)-OH (83 vs 84.3 kcal/mol). Experimental tests showed that hydrogen abstraction proceeds at reasonable rates for substrates having BDE(CH) values less than 82 kcal/mol. That is, no detectable reaction occurred with diphenyl methane (BDE(CH) = 82 kcal/mol) for both manganese(IV) species. However, kinetic measurements for hydrogen abstraction showed that at pH 13.4, the dominant species Mn(Me(2)EBC)(2)(O)(2), having only Mn(IV)O groups, reacts more than 40 times faster than the Mn(IV)-OH unit in Mn(Me(2)EBC)(2)(OH)(2)(2+), the dominant reactant at pH 4.0. The activation parameters for hydrogen abstraction from 9,10-dihydroanthracene were determined for both manganese(IV) moieties: over the temperature range 288-318 K for Mn(IV)(OH)(2)(2+), DeltaH(double dagger) = 13.1 +/- 0.7 kcal/mol, and DeltaS(double dagger) = -35.0 +/- 2.2 cal K(-1) mol(-1); and the temperature range 288-308 K for for Mn(IV)(O)(2), DeltaH(double dagger) = 12.1 +/- 1.8 kcal/mol, and DeltaS(double dagger) = -30.3 +/- 5.9 cal K(-1) mol(-1).