Cryogenic optical refrigeration

Seletskiy, Denis V.; Hehlen, Markus P.; Epstein, Richard I.; Sheik‐Bahae, Mansoor

doi:10.1364/aop.4.000078

Cited by 83 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 130 publications

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“…The VECSEL gain chip used in our experiments was originally designed for high power CW operation for laser cooling of a Yb:YLF crystal at 1020 nm [2,3]. The active region consists of 12 single InGaAs QWs aligned with the antinodes of the standing wave in the sub-cavity, which consists of GaAsP for strain compensation.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Record continuous-wave (CW) output powers in excess of 100 W [1] have been demonstrated in the infrared and at the same time the emission wavelength can be tailored for specific applications, for example laser cooling of Yb-doped solids at 1020 nm [2,3]; several hard-to-reach wavelengths in the visible [4] and ultra-violet [5] wavelength regimes have been demonstrated using intracavity frequency conversion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exploring ultrafast negative Kerr effect for mode-locking vertical external-cavity surface-emitting lasers

Albrecht¹,

Wang²,

Ghasemkhani³

et al. 2013

Opt. Express

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We present analytical considerations of "self-mode-locked" operation in a typical vertical external-cavity surface-emitting laser (VECSEL) cavity geometry by means of Kerr lens action in the semiconductor gain chip. We predict Kerr-lens mode-locked operation for both soft-and hard-apertures placed at the optimal intra-cavity positions. These predictions are experimentally verified in a Kerr-lens mode-locked VECSEL capable of producing pulse durations of below 500 fs at 1 GHz repetition rate.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring ultrafast negative Kerr effect for mode-locking vertical external-cavity surface-emitting lasers

Albrecht¹,

Wang²,

Ghasemkhani³

et al. 2013

Opt. Express

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“…Importantly they operate with no mechanical vibrations, magnetic/electric fields or moving mechanical/liquid/gas components and are ideal refrigeration solutions in many difficult/sensitive situations eg. optomechanical, space, sensing experiments [6][7][8][9] . In addition, spin properties of diamond defects have recently attracted much attention owing to their long spin coherence times T 2 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Optical cryocooling of diamond

et al. 2017

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The cooling of solids by optical means only using anti-Stokes emission has a long history of research and achievements. Such cooling methods have many advantages ranging from no-moving parts or fluids through to operation in vacuum and may have applications to cryosurgery. However achieving large optical cryocooling powers has been difficult to achieve except in certain rare-earth crystals. Through study of the emission and absorption cross sections we find that diamond, containing either NV or SiV (Nitrogen or Silicon vacancy), defects shows potential for optical cryocooling and in particular, NV doping shows promise for optical refrigeration. We study the optical cooling of doped diamond microcrystals ranging 10−250 µm in diameter trapped either in vacuum or in water. For the vacuum case we find NV-doped microdiamond optical cooling below room temperature could exceed |∆T | > 10 K, for irradiation powers of Pin < 100 mW. We predict that such temperature changes should be easily observed via large alterations in the diffusion constant for optically cryocooled microdiamonds trapped in water in an optical tweezer or via spectroscopic signatures such as the ZPL width or Raman line.Optical refrigeration, or optical cryocooling, uses antiStokes emission in solids to deplete the phonon population within the solid, cooling it. First suggested by Pringsheim 1 , and initially demonstrated by Epstein et al in 19952 , the phenomena is observed when low entropy laser light is primarily absorbed at wavelengths slightly longer than the mean fluorescence wavelength (λ f ) of the material. The light is reemitted with a broadband fluorescence possessing a mean energy which is higher than the incident pump laser. The increase in energy is due to absorption of lattice phonons (vibrations), reducing the net temperature of the solid. Optical refrigeration has experimentally achieved temperatures of T ∼155K (from room temperature) using ytterbium-doped fluoride crystal (YLiF 4 : Yb 3+ ) 3 , T ∼250K (from 290K), for the semiconductor CdS 4 , and T ∼114K more recently using a multi-pass setup with Yb-doped crystals 5 . These temperatures outperform Peltier/thermoelectric coolers and reach into the defined cryogenic regime (<123K). Importantly they operate with no mechanical vibrations, magnetic/electric fields or moving mechanical/liquid/gas components and are ideal refrigeration solutions in many difficult/sensitive situations eg. optomechanical, space, sensing experiments 6-9 . In addition, spin properties of diamond defects have recently attracted much attention owing to their long spin coherence times T 2 . Since T 2 times increase at low temperatures, a new way of cooling diamond is important for applications where long spin relaxation times are needed. Microscopic diamond crystals are highly biocompatible and can be functionalised to attach to specific biologically important ligands 10 . Cryosurgery and cryotherapy is a method to destroy diseased or harmful tissues within the body and involves cyclic freezing and thawing of the ...

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“…It has remained an open question whether these known cooling materials could act to refrigerate aqueous media and undergo hypothesized cold Brownian motion (CBM) (25,26), or whether solvent heating from the background absorption coefficient of water would overwhelm the cooling of individual YLF crystals. Furthermore, it is not obvious a priori that YLF crystals made through hydrothermal processing would have sufficiently low background impurity levels to achieve laser cooling (27,28). In this work, we demonstrate the local laser refrigeration of hydrothermal YLF nanocrystals dispersed within several different aqueous media including deionized water, heavy water (D 2 O), and physiological electrolytes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 94%

Laser refrigeration of hydrothermal nanocrystals in physiological media

Roder

Smith

Zhou

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Coherent laser radiation has enabled many scientific and technological breakthroughs including Bose-Einstein condensates, ultrafast spectroscopy, superresolution optical microscopy, photothermal therapy, and long-distance telecommunications. However, it has remained a challenge to refrigerate liquid media (including physiological buffers) during laser illumination due to significant background solvent absorption and the rapid (∼ps) nonradiative vibrational relaxation of molecular electronic excited states. Here we demonstrate that single-beam laser trapping can be used to induce and quantify the local refrigeration of physiological media by >10°C following the emission of photoluminescence from upconverting yttrium lithium fluoride (YLF) nanocrystals. A simple, low-cost hydrothermal approach is used to synthesize polycrystalline particles with sizes ranging from <200 nm to >1 μm.

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Cryogenic optical refrigeration

Cited by 83 publications

References 130 publications

Exploring ultrafast negative Kerr effect for mode-locking vertical external-cavity surface-emitting lasers

Exploring ultrafast negative Kerr effect for mode-locking vertical external-cavity surface-emitting lasers

Optical cryocooling of diamond

Laser refrigeration of hydrothermal nanocrystals in physiological media

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