Crustal Deformation of South Korea After the Tohoku‐Oki Earthquake: Deformation Heterogeneity and Seismic Activity

Abstract

Although the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake (Mw 9.0, 11 March 2011) occurred more than 1,000 km from South Korea, it significantly changed the magnitudes and orientations of Global Positioning System (GPS) velocity vectors in the country, which took two years to return to preearthquake values. Then, areas with relatively thick crust show contractional surface deformation, whereas areas with thinner crust show dilatation, suggesting that the deformation pattern is long-term. Although there is no one-to-one correlation between earthquakes and surface deformation, earthquakes tend to be concentrated in areas with higher shear strain rates. In South Korea, the stress field inferred from earthquake data is inconsistent with surface deformation calculated from GPS data. This may arise because stress orientations at earthquake focal depths are different from those at the surface, or surface deformation measured by GPS may represent interseismic elastic deformation leading to future large earthquakes, while recent earthquakes without surface ruptures might not contribute to the surface deformation. Some effects of crustal thickness on surface deformation and inconsistency between surface deformation from GPS data and kinematics from earthquake data may be a common feature of intraplate regions. Plain Language Summary This paper deals with surface deformation of South Korea after the 2011Tohoku-Oki earthquake (earthquake magnitude = 9.0), using Global Positioning System (GPS) data. By analyzing the relationship between deformation of crust and earthquake activity, we conclude that earthquakes in South Korea occur most commonly in areas with higher strain rates. We also show that the effects of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake on the Korean Peninsula lasted for two years after the earthquake.

A study of deformation around the Korea strait prior to MW9.0 Tohoku earthquake

“…In year 2013, the average magnitude of velocity in South Korea is observed about 31.332 mm/year. This finding is also found by Kim et al [27] which stated the average magnitude decreased to 31 mm/year after the mainshock of the Tohoku earthquake to 2013. Direction of movement from all stations indicate the direction of movement from Eurasian plate.…”

Mantle degassing along strike-slip faults in the Southeastern Korean Peninsula

“…However, deep earthquakes (depths > 15 km) are poorly observed in the SeKP region, although GPS data reported by ref. 50 shows higher shear strain rates occurring in the area. Therefore, we propose high strain localized shearing through the lower crust and lithospheric mantle.…”

Decaying Post-Seismic Deformation Observed on the Korean Peninsula Following the 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake

“…Some studies suggested that the earthquake-induced significant effects lasted for 2~2.5 years after the 2011 mainshock [ 7 , 9 , 20 ]. However, Blewitt and Lavallée [ 23 ] recommended that a minimum time span of 2.5 years be adopted for velocity solutions intended for tectonic interpretation or reference frame production.…”

“…Kim et al [ 20 ] suggested that the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake effects on the Korean Peninsula crustal deformation lasted for approximately two years. However, they analyzed it based on changes in the average velocity with an interval of two years for only about six years after the mainshock.…”