“…The inflammatory response and its activation pathways in kidney cells can produce early responses to kidney injury, and various molecules, such as growth factors, chemokines, adhesion molecules, proinflammatory cytokines, and molecular signatures, can be triggered and involved in the inflammatory process. Regarding the biomarkers of kidney inflammation, several previous studies illustrated that the adhesion molecules intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) [48] and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) [49] and the inflammatory cytokines interleukins (1, 6, 8, 17, 18, and 19) [50][51][52][53], tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFR1 and TNFR2) [54], nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) [55], activator protein 1 (AP-1) [56], C-reactive protein (CRP) [57], and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) [58] are the most commonly used mediators to detect inflammation in clinical or nonclinical research.…”