“…These nano-composite polymer electrolytes (NCPEs) offer some advantages such as improved lithium transportation, excellent interfacial stability with branched primary structure and high ability to tailor the surface functionalities by forming native surface onto fumed silica, which is silanol (Si-OH) [10,11]. The physical gel appearance is obtained through formation of hydrogen bonding and Van der Waals attraction forces as the fumed silica is hydrophilic [12].…”