Crossing the Blood-Brain-Barrier: A bifunctional liposome for BDNF gene delivery – A Pilot Study

Abstract

To achieve their therapeutic effect on the brain, molecules need to pass the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). Many pharmacological treatments of neuropathologies encounter the BBB as a barrier, hindering their effective use. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology based on optimal physicochemical features and taking advantage of naturally occurring permeability mechanisms, nanocarriers such as liposomes offer an attractive alternative to allow drug delivery across the BBB. Liposomes are spherical bilayer lipid-based nanocapsules that can load hydrophilic molecules in their inner compartment and on their outer surface can be functionally modified by peptides, antibodies and polyethyleneglycol (PEG). When composed of cationic lipids, liposomes can serve as gene delivery devices, encapsulating and protecting genetic material from degradation and promoting nonviral cell transfection. In this study, we aimed to develop a liposomal formulation to encapsulate a plasmid harbouring brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and infuse these liposomes via the peripheral bloodstream into the brain. To this end, liposomes were tagged with PEG, transferrin, and arginine and characterized regarding their physical properties, such as particle size, zeta-potential and polydispersity index (PDI). Moreover, we selected liposomes preparations for plasmid DNA (pDNA) encapsulation and checked for loading efficiency, in vitro cell uptake, and transfection. The preliminary results from this pilot study revealed that we were able to replicate the liposomes synthesis described in literature, achieving compatible size, charge, PDI, and loading efficiency. However, we could not properly determine whether the conjugation of the surface ligands transferrin and arginine to PEG worked and whether they were attached to the surface of the liposomes. Additionally, we were not able to see transfection in SH-SY5Y cells after 24 or 48 hours of incubation with the pDNA loaded liposomes. In conclusion, we synthesized liposomes encapsulation pBDNF, however, further research will be necessary to address the complete physicochemical characterization of the liposomes. Furthermore, preclinical studies will be helpful to verify transfection efficiency, cytotoxicity, and in the future, safe delivery of BDNF through the BBB.

Formulation, Characterization, and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Lactoferrin Functionalized Lipid Nanoparticles for Riluzole Delivery to the Brain

“…Assessing the physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles is essential to determine their biological fate, as well as their passage mechanism across the BBB [34].…”

“…Although, for functionalized nanoparticles, the surface coating seems to be the most crucial determinant for BBB crossing [35], size should always be taken into consideration, given that smaller particles tend to penetrate better into the brain [34]. NLC showed an initial mean diameter lower than 220 nm (Table 2), with the particle size remaining below 250 nm for all formulations (Figure 1), which is an important characteristic that enables permeation through the BBB [23].…”