Cross Talk Between Cells and the Current Bioceramics in Bone Regeneration: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

The conventional approach for addressing bone defects and stubborn non-unions typically involves the use of autogenous bone grafts. Nevertheless, obtaining these grafts can be challenging, and the procedure can lead to significant morbidity. Three primary treatment strategies for managing bone defects and non-unions prove resistant to conventional treatments: synthetic bone graft substitutes (BGS), a combination of BGS with bioactive molecules, and the use of BGS in conjunction with stem cells. In the realm of synthetic BGS, a multitude of biomaterials have emerged for creating scaffolds in bone tissue engineering (TE). These materials encompass biometals like titanium, iron, magnesium, and zinc, as well as bioceramics such as hydroxyapatite (HA) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP). Bone TE scaffolds serve as temporary implants, fostering tissue ingrowth and the regeneration of new bone. They are meticulously designed to enhance bone healing by optimizing geometric, mechanical, and biological properties. These scaffolds undergo continual remodeling facilitated by bone cells like osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Through various signaling pathways, stem cells and bone cells work together to regulate bone regeneration when a portion of bone is damaged or deformed. By targeting signaling pathways, bone TE can improve bone defects through effective therapies. This review provided insights into the interplay between cells and the current state of bioceramics in the context of bone regeneration.

Endogenous Tissue Engineering for Chondral and Osteochondral Regeneration: Strategies and Mechanisms

“…125,126 In recent years, through optimization of the material, processing methods, and physicochemical properties of bioceramics, the application of bioceramic scaffolds has expanded beyond bone regeneration to the integrated regeneration of OC tissue. 127 For endogenous OC tissue engineering, bioceramic scaffolds can be functionalized to regulate stem cell functions, thus promoting AC and bone regeneration. 128 Xu et al developed a 3D-printed strontium copper tetrasilicate/β-tricalcium phosphate scaffold that enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and proliferation of chondrocytes, thereby promoting OC regeneration.…”

“…Bioceramics can be synthesized from a range of materials, including alumina, zirconia, magnesia, carbon, silica-based compounds, calcium-based compounds, and various other chemicals . The initial development of bioceramics aimed to serve as bone substitutes for implantation for its superior biocompatibility, high mechanical strength, and corrosion resistance. , In recent years, through optimization of the material, processing methods, and physicochemical properties of bioceramics, the application of bioceramic scaffolds has expanded beyond bone regeneration to the integrated regeneration of OC tissue . For endogenous OC tissue engineering, bioceramic scaffolds can be functionalized to regulate stem cell functions, thus promoting AC and bone regeneration .…”