Cross state-dependency of learning between WIN55, 212-2 and scopolamine in rat dorsal hippocampus

Integrating Endocannabinoid Signaling and Cannabinoids into the Biology and Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

“…For example, it appears that systemic administration of CB1 receptor agonists impairs consolidation for emotionally salient memories (for a review see Morena and Campolongo (2014a); Morena et al (2014b)). Similar effects are seen if CB1 receptor agonists are administered directly into the hippocampus, with posttraining infusion of a CB1 receptor agonist producing an impairment in memory consolidation for aversive training (Jamali-Raeufy et al, 2011;Moshfegh et al, 2011;Zarrindast et al, 2011). With respect to the BLA, while one report has found that administration of a CB1 receptor agonist into the BLA impairs consolidation of emotional memories (Kuhnert et al, 2013), most other studies report findings more consistent with what has been seen following facilitation of eCB signaling.…”

Fear Memory

“…When sober, the millionaire rejects the tramp as if he had never seen him before. State-dependence on exogenous substances has been suggested to result from matching of the drug-induced states prevalent at the time of acquisition with the states prevalent at the time of retrieval (287,469,530). In endogenous state-dependence, the state that should be matched at the time of retrieval to generate good retrieval is the one present at the time of posttraining cellular consolidation (258,687).…”

State-dependent memory and its modulation by different brain areas and neurotransmitters

“…Studies revealed that verapamil, an L-type voltage-gated calcium channel blocker, and SL-327, a selective MAPK/ERK kinase inhibitor, affect morphine and ethanol state-dependent memory, as well as morphine-ethanol, morphine-nicotine, ethanol-morphine and ethanol-nicotine cross state-dependent memory (Michalak et al, 2018[ 37 ]). Moreover, some types of pharmacological compounds such as benzodiazepines, lithium chloride, caffeine, scopolamine, MK-801, and muscimol have all revealed state-dependent properties (Bouton et al, 1990[ 6 ]; Nehlig, 1999[ 44 ]; Ceretta et al, 2008[ 11 ]; Zarrindast et al, 2008[ 84 ]; Jamali-Raeufy et al, 2011[ 32 ]; Jafari-Sabet et al, 2014[ 30 ]).…”

“…Explanation of the drug effects depends on the behavioral outcomes, as state-dependent learning develops when test performance deficiency happens in the D-S and S-D subjects, however not in the D-D subjects when compared with S-S subjects. However, state-dependent effects have shown when drugs are injected systemically, while some investigations have indicated state-dependent retention when the drugs are administered into different brain regions, suggested that state-dependent effects related to central and not peripheral effects (Jamali-Raeufy et al, 2011[ 32 ]). Also, evidence indicated that amnesic agents can produce state-dependent memory when injected during the early consolidation stage, and only if the time of the drug effect is long enough to become integrated into the memory trace.…”