State-dependent memory and its modulation by different brain areas and neurotransmitters

Zarrindast, Mohammad‐Reza; Khakpai, Fatemeh

doi:10.17179/excli2020-2612

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…The study coordinator noted that the subjects with such a paradoxical response to cholinergic challenge appeared calmer and more comfortable during the cognitive testing procedure compared to their affective state during testing in the unchallenged condition although the study did not include measures of subjective or objective affective state that might have allowed an evaluation of such a phenomenon. Another possible explanation could be related to state-dependent learning wherein performance on the subsequent unchallenged testing might have been lowered by interference effects of initial testing in an altered state ( 33 , 34 ). It is also possible that the anticholinergic properties of scopolamine contributed to enhanced extrapyramidal motor function allowing improved performance on TMTB which is reliant on motoric performance in addition to executive function ( 35 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intervention for Cognitive Reserve Enhancement in Delaying the Onset of Alzheimer’s Symptomatic Expression (INCREASE) Study: Results from a Randomized Controlled Study of Medication Therapy Management Targeting a Delay in Prodromal Dementia Symptom Progression

et al. 2022

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Background Cognitive reserve has been hypothesized as a mechanism to explain differences in individual risk for symptomatic expression of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Inappropriate medications may diminish cognitive reserve, precipitating the transition from preclinical AD (pAD) to a symptomatic state. To date, there is limited data on the potential impact of medication optimization as a potential tool for slowing the symptomatic expression of AD. Objectives (1) To test the efficacy of a medication therapy management intervention designed to bolster cognitive reserve in community-dwelling older adults without dementia. (2) To evaluate the efficacy of intervention by baseline pAD status. Design A 1-year randomized controlled trial was conducted in community-dwelling older adults without dementia. Randomization was stratified by amyloid β positron emission tomography levels. Setting Community-based, Lexington, Kentucky. Participants Adults 65 years or older with no evidence of dementia and reporting at least one potentially inappropriate medication as listed in the Beers 2015 criteria were recruited. The study aimed to enroll 90 participants based on the a priori sample size calculation. Intervention Medication therapy management versus standard of care. Measurements Primary outcomes were: (1) one-year changes in the Medication Appropriateness Index; (2) one-year changes in Trail Making Test B under scopolamine challenge. Results The medication therapy management intervention resulted in significant improvement in Medication Appropriateness Index scores. Overall, there was no beneficial effect of the medication therapy management on Trail Making Test B scores, however stratified analysis demonstrated improvement in Trail Making Test B challenged scores associated with the medication therapy management for those with elevated amyloid β positron emission tomography levels consistent with pAD. Conclusions Medication therapy management can reduce inappropriate medication use in older adults at risk for AD. Our study indicated beneficial cognitive effects in those with preclinical Alzheimer’s Disease. No statistically significant effects were evident in the study group as a whole, or in those without preclinical cerebral amyloidosis. Further work designed to improve the effectiveness of the medication therapy management approach and defining other preclinical pathologic states that may benefit from medication optimization are readily achievable goals for promoting improved cognitive health and potentially delaying the onset of symptomatic AD.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intervention for Cognitive Reserve Enhancement in Delaying the Onset of Alzheimer’s Symptomatic Expression (INCREASE) Study: Results from a Randomized Controlled Study of Medication Therapy Management Targeting a Delay in Prodromal Dementia Symptom Progression

et al. 2022

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“…These results suggest that midazolam impairs the reconsolidation of a memory rather than the initial consolidation phase ( Bustos et al, 2006 ). However, many drugs can also induce state-dependent memory, which further complicates our analysis of memory impairments ( Zarrindast and Khakpai, 2020 ).…”

Section: Behavioral Studies To Measure Anterograde Amnesiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Benzodiazepine-induced anterograde amnesia: detrimental side effect to novel study tool

Kaplan,

Hunsberger

2023

Front. Pharmacol.

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Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are anxiolytic drugs that act on GABAa receptors and are used to treat anxiety disorders. However, these drugs come with the detrimental side effect of anterograde amnesia, or the inability to form new memories. In this review we discuss, behavioral paradigms, sex differences and hormonal influences affecting BZD-induced amnesia, molecular manipulations, including the knockout of GABAa receptor subunits, and regional studies utilizing lesion and microinjection techniques targeted to the hippocampus and amygdala. Additionally, the relationship between BZD use and cognitive decline related to Alzheimer’s disease is addressed, as there is a lack of consensus on whether these drugs are involved in inducing or accelerating pathological cognitive deficits. This review aims to inspire new research directions, as there is a gap in knowledge in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind BZD-induced amnesia. Understanding these mechanisms will allow for the development of alternative treatments and potentially allow BZDs to be used as a novel tool to study Alzheimer’s disease.

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“…Although it is beyond the scope of this review to extensively explore the complex bi-directional interaction between emotion, physiology, and memory, decades of research support the theory that emotional and physiological state determine in part what is remembered ( 86 – 88 ). Importantly, emotional state at the time of memory formation may be retrieved and re-experienced when external stimuli similar to those present when the memory was encoded are encountered again ( 89 , 90 ).…”

Section: Mdmamentioning

confidence: 99%

A proposed mechanism for the MDMA-mediated extinction of traumatic memories in PTSD patients treated with MDMA-assisted therapy

Sottile

Vida

2022

Front. Psychiatry

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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a devastating psychiatric disorder afflicting millions of people around the world. Characterized by severe anxiety, intrusive thoughts, pervasive nightmares, an assortment of somatic symptoms, associations with severe long-term health problems, and an elevated risk of suicide, as much as 40–70% of patients suffer from refractory disease. 3,4-Methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA), like classic psychedelics such as psilocybin, have been used to enhance the efficacy of psychotherapy almost since their discovery, but due to their perceived potential for abuse and inclusion on USFDA (United States Food and Drug Administration) schedule 1, research into the mechanism by which they produce improvements in PTSD symptomology has been limited. Nevertheless, several compelling rationales have been explored, with the pro-social effects of MDMA thought to enhance therapeutic alliance and thus facilitate therapist-assisted trauma processing. This may be insufficient to fully explain the efficacy of MDMA in the treatment of psychiatric illness. Molecular mechanisms such as the MDMA mediated increase of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) availability in the fear memory learning pathways combined with MDMA's pro-social effects may provide a more nuanced explanation for the therapeutic actions of MDMA.

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State-dependent memory and its modulation by different brain areas and neurotransmitters

Cited by 4 publications

References 89 publications

Intervention for Cognitive Reserve Enhancement in Delaying the Onset of Alzheimer’s Symptomatic Expression (INCREASE) Study: Results from a Randomized Controlled Study of Medication Therapy Management Targeting a Delay in Prodromal Dementia Symptom Progression

Intervention for Cognitive Reserve Enhancement in Delaying the Onset of Alzheimer’s Symptomatic Expression (INCREASE) Study: Results from a Randomized Controlled Study of Medication Therapy Management Targeting a Delay in Prodromal Dementia Symptom Progression

Benzodiazepine-induced anterograde amnesia: detrimental side effect to novel study tool

A proposed mechanism for the MDMA-mediated extinction of traumatic memories in PTSD patients treated with MDMA-assisted therapy

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