Cross-species retroviral transmission from macaques to human beings

Brooks, James; Rud, Erling W.; Pilon, Richard; Smith, Jonathan; Switzer, William M.; Sandstrom, Paul

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)09597-1

Cited by 68 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…6,12 People requiring close contact with NHPs may be at high risk for FV infection. 5,6,12 In the present study, FVs were detected in the tree shrew and shared the highest homology with M. Mulatta (99.3%) captive in the same area 2 years ago. This result indicates the possibility of transmission from NHPs to tree shrews.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

“…4 In contrast to complex orthoretroviruses, which are sometimes highly pathogenic, FV infections are persistent and asymptomatic in their natural hosts. 3,5 FVs are transmitted zoonotically to humans, who are natural habitats for occupational exposure to NHP. 5,6 Despite the lack of pathogenicity of FV infection, the potential risk for the emergence of new strains of FV transmission to humans cannot be neglected.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Foamy Virus in the Tree Shrew Tupaia Belangeri Is Highly Related to Simian Foamy Virus in Macaca Mulatta

Huang

Wu²,

He³

2013

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses

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Foamy viruses (FVs) are ancient retrovirus that infect most nonhuman primates and several animals, but are rarely reported in tree shrew Tupaia belangeri. In the present study, foamy virus was detected in tree shrew. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that FVtup shared the highest homology with SFVmac (99.3%) in China. The discovery of FVtup indicated that the tree shrew is a new host of foamy virus. FVtup is highly prevalent in Tupaia in China and there is the possibility of cross-species transmission from nonhuman primate to Tupaia.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Foamy Virus in the Tree Shrew Tupaia Belangeri Is Highly Related to Simian Foamy Virus in Macaca Mulatta

Huang

Wu²,

He³

2013

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses

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“…While humans are the only primates who are not naturally infected with FV, some human populations, such as monkey caretakers, veterinarians, and people in contact with monkeys in natural settings, such as monkey temple workers or bush meat hunters, are zoonotically infected with FV, with an incidence of 1 to 4% (15,38,44). Only a small number of FV ϩ humans have been identified, and there is as yet no evidence for horizontal transmission between humans, or pathogenic consequences (4,6). It has been speculated that primate FV are transmitted via saliva, based on documentation of humans zoonotically infected after sustaining monkey bites and the observation that virus can consistently be cocultured from saliva of infected monkeys (3).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Expanded Tissue Targets for Foamy Virus Replication with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Induced Immunosuppression

Murray

Picker

Axthelm

et al. 2006

J Virol

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Foamy viruses (FV) are the oldest known genus of retroviruses and have persisted in nonhuman primates for over 60 million years. FV are efficiently transmitted, leading to a lifelong nonpathogenic infection. Transmission is thought to occur through saliva, but the detailed mechanism is unknown. Interestingly, this persistent infection contrasts with the rapid cytopathicity caused by FV in vitro, suggesting a host defense against FV. To better understand the tissue specificity of FV replication and host immunologic defense against FV cytopathicity, we quantified FV in tissues of healthy rhesus macaques (RM) and those severely immunosuppressed by simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Contrary to earlier findings, we find that all immunocompetent animals consistently have high levels of viral RNA in oral tissues but not in other tissues examined, including the small intestine. Strikingly, abundant viral transcripts were detected in the small intestine of all of the SIV-infected RM, which has been shown to be a major site of SIV (and human immunodeficiency virus)-induced CD4 ؉ T-cell depletion. In contrast, there was a trend to lower viral RNA levels in oropharyngeal tissues of SIV-infected animals. The expansion of FV replication to the small intestine but not to other CD4 ؉ T-cell-depleted tissues suggests that factors other than T-cell depletion, such as dysregulation of the jejunal microenvironment after SIV infection, likely account for the expanded tissue tropism of FV replication.

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“…Additionally, the human-to-human transmission of SFV by blood transfusion has been investigated in a monkey model (Brooks et al, 2002;Khan and Kumar, 2006). To predict whether the antibody against HFV Tas can be suitable for use with other foamy viruses, we compared the homology of the foamy virus Tas protein in various species (Figure 7 and Table 1, the corresponding sequence in simian (SFV, NP_056806), macaque simian (MSFV, YP_001961124), monkey (AGMFSV, YP_001956724), horse (EFV, NP_054718), and cat (FFV, NP_056917)).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prokaryotic expression and polyclonal antibody production of transactivator Tas for potential application in detection of human foamy virus infection

Qiu¹,

Zhu²,

Dong

et al. 2012

Afr. J. Microbiol. Res.

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The human foamy virus (HFV) may pose a risk to humans as an infectious agent. The HFV transactivator Tas plays a critical role as a regulatory factor in viral replication, and potently activates gene expression via the 5' LTRs (long terminal repeats) of HFV. However the anti-Tas antibody currently available can rarely be applied in the investigation and diagnosis of HFV because of its high valence. To better understand the possible role of Tas as a potential candidate for the diagnosis and understanding of the infectious mechanism of HFV, the cloning, expression, and purification of Tas are described in this report. Additionally, the preparation of a polyclonal antibody directed against Tas is described. The Tas gene was amplified from wild type HFV (pHSRV13) by PCR, subcloned into the pGEX-4T-1 expression plasmid, and then introduced into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells. To make the GST-Tas fusion protein, the recombinant expression plasmid pGEX-4T-1-Tas was induced using isopropyl-β-dthiogalactoside. Optimal levels of GST-Tas were obtained by optimizing the concentration of IPTG and the induction time. After purification, GST-Tas was used to immunize mice, after which a standard protocol was used to acquire antiserum. Western blot analysis indicated that the prepared antiserum reacted specifically to the recombinant protein when expressed in eukaryotic cells, demonstrating good antigenicity of the antiserum. The HFV Tas protein showed low homology when compared to the foamy virus Tas protein in other species, suggesting that the HFV Tas polyclonal antibody may be specific to HFV Tas. The present study sheds light on the mechanism of the transactivator function and immunogenicity of Tas. Information from this study could be used to develop antibody or antigen detection assays for the clinical detection of the HFV pathogen.

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Cross-species retroviral transmission from macaques to human beings

Cited by 68 publications

References 4 publications

Foamy Virus in the Tree Shrew Tupaia Belangeri Is Highly Related to Simian Foamy Virus in Macaca Mulatta

Foamy Virus in the Tree Shrew Tupaia Belangeri Is Highly Related to Simian Foamy Virus in Macaca Mulatta

Expanded Tissue Targets for Foamy Virus Replication with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Induced Immunosuppression

Prokaryotic expression and polyclonal antibody production of transactivator Tas for potential application in detection of human foamy virus infection

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