Cross-reactivity of some commercially available deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) immunoaffinity columns to DON- and ZEN-conjugated forms and metabolites

Abstract

Seven commercially available deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) immunoaffinity columns (IACs) were tested for cross-reactivity to conjugated forms (3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, DON-3-glucoside, DON-3-glucuronide, ZEN-glucosides, ZEN-glucuronide) and metabolites (de-epoxydeoxynivalenol, α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol) and nivalenol (NIV), using a semi-quantitative multi-mycotoxin ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. The DON IACs showed cross-reactivity for nearly all DON derivatives tested. The ZEN IACs showed limited cross-reactivity to some of the ZEN derivatives. The IACs were evaluated for their potential use as sample clean-up for mycotoxins in serum.

Hydrolytic Fate of 3/15-Acetyldeoxynivalenol in Humans: Specific Deacetylation by the Small Intestine and Liver Revealed Using in Vitro and ex Vivo Approaches

“…Numerous studies conducted in animals have shown that, although 3/15ADON are able to cross intact the gut wall, their ingestion does not lead to their presence into the systemic blood [21,26,27,28]. Similarly, although humans are daily exposed to 3/15ADON through contaminated food, analysis of human blood and urine failed at detecting 3/15ADON [8].…”

“…Indeed, like DON, 3/15ADON have a high prevalence in cereals (87% and 73% of positive samples for 3ADON and 15ADON, respectively) with contamination levels ranging from 300 to 1000 μg/kg leading to daily exposure of animals and humans to 3/15ADON [21,22,23]. Although in vivo and in vitro experiments have demonstrated that 3/15ADON could be absorbed by the intestinal epithelium, oral exposures of chickens, rats and pigs to 3/15ADON only result in DON and/or detoxification products of DON (i.e., the 3/15-glucuronic acid conjugates of DON and the de-epoxide form of DON, i.e., DOM-1) being present in their blood suggesting a pre-systemic and/or systemic deacetylation [21,24,25,26,27,28]. …”

Invited review: Diagnosis of zearalenone (ZEN) exposure of farm animals and transfer of its residues into edible tissues (carry over)

“…Because ZEN and its metabolites have to be derivatized before GC analysis, the combination LC-MS is the preferred separation and detection method. In this regard, developed UPLC-MS methods represent an advancement due to a higher separation efficiency and shorter analysis time (Ren et al, 2007;Versilovskis et al, 2011). In contrast to other detectors, the MS enables a higher selectivity and sensitivity and the use of isotopically labeled internal standards (ISs) for quantification (Krska et al, 2008).…”

“…Therefore, they developed and validated a simple 'dilute and shoot' approach for the simultaneous determination of 15 mycotoxins including most relevant key metabolites in urine samples. Moreover, the IACs NeoColumn for ZEN (Neogen Co., Ayr, UK), ZEN Easy Extract, AokinImmunoCleanC for ZEN (Aokin AG, Berlin, Germany) and DZT-MS-prep are not suitable for ZEN conjugates whereas ZEN diglucoside, ZEN-16-glucoside, ZEN-14-glucuronide and ZEN-14-glucoside were tested (Versilovskis et al, 2011). However, the quantification of such conjugates will only be possible if standard substances exist which are not commercially available.…”

Scientific Opinion on the risks for human and animal health related to the presence of modified forms of certain mycotoxins in food and feed

“…However, owing to the lack of commercially available calibrants for modified mycotoxins, crossreactivity studies are lacking, with the exception of DON3Glc (Tangni et al, 2010;Veršilovskis et al, 2011;Dzuman et al, 2014).…”