Cross‐linked Poly(arylene ether ketone) Proton Exchange Membranes with High Ion Exchange Capacity for Fuel Cells

Zhou, Shuhua; Hai, Sun; Kim, Dong Jin

doi:10.1002/fuce.201100147

Cited by 24 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…However, increasing IEC is normally accompanied by higher water uptake in the membranes and lower dimensional stability [ 320 ]. The balance between IEC and water uptake of the IEMs is achieved through cross-linking methods [ 321 , 322 , 323 ]. The conductivity of the cross-linked membranes is controlled through adjusting the cross-linkers type, cross-linking process, time, and temperature [ 324 ].…”

Section: Electrodialysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Frontiers of Membrane Desalination Processes for Brackish Water Treatment: A Review

et al. 2021

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Climate change, population growth, and increased industrial activities are exacerbating freshwater scarcity and leading to increased interest in desalination of saline water. Brackish water is an attractive alternative to freshwater due to its low salinity and widespread availability in many water-scarce areas. However, partial or total desalination of brackish water is essential to reach the water quality requirements for a variety of applications. Selection of appropriate technology requires knowledge and understanding of the operational principles, capabilities, and limitations of the available desalination processes. Proper combination of feedwater technology improves the energy efficiency of desalination. In this article, we focus on pressure-driven and electro-driven membrane desalination processes. We review the principles, as well as challenges and recent improvements for reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), electrodialysis (ED), and membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI). RO is the dominant membrane process for large-scale desalination of brackish water with higher salinity, while ED and MCDI are energy-efficient for lower salinity ranges. Selective removal of multivalent components makes NF an excellent option for water softening. Brackish water desalination with membrane processes faces a series of challenges. Membrane fouling and scaling are the common issues associated with these processes, resulting in a reduction in their water recovery and energy efficiency. To overcome such adverse effects, many efforts have been dedicated toward development of pre-treatment steps, surface modification of membranes, use of anti-scalant, and modification of operational conditions. However, the effectiveness of these approaches depends on the fouling propensity of the feed water. In addition to the fouling and scaling, each process may face other challenges depending on their state of development and maturity. This review provides recent advances in the material, architecture, and operation of these processes that can assist in the selection and design of technologies for particular applications. The active research directions to improve the performance of these processes are also identified. The review shows that technologies that are tunable and particularly efficient for partial desalination such as ED and MCDI are increasingly competitive with traditional RO processes. Development of cost-effective ion exchange membranes with high chemical and mechanical stability can further improve the economy of desalination with electro-membrane processes and advance their future applications.

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Section: Electrodialysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Frontiers of Membrane Desalination Processes for Brackish Water Treatment: A Review

et al. 2021

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“…Currently, constructing the structure of copolymer, such as multiblock , , cross‐linking‐type , side‐chain‐type , and clustered sulfonated aromatic copolymers , to form well‐defined nanochannels for ion transport has commanded more attention. It is widely accepted that introducing flexible side chains into the branched polymer is an effective method to achieve high proton conductivity and long‐term stability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sulfonated Oligomer‐crosslinked Fluorinated Poly(aryl ether sulfone)‐based Proton Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cells

Zhang

Yan

et al. 2018

Fuel Cells

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A series of sulfonated oligomer‐crosslinked fluorinated poly(aryl ether sulfone) membranes (c‐SPFAES) have been prepared in a consecutive casting and thermal treating process from fluorinated polymers and sulfonated oligomers, where the latter acted as hydrophilic grafts and crosslinkers at the same time. Membrane structure and physico‐chemical properties are characterized and evaluated by 1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and atomic force microscopy, Fenton, water‐swelling and H2/O2 single cell tests. For the c‐SPFAES membranes with ion exchange capacity of 1.04–1.78 mmol g−1, they exhibit excellent mechanical toughness with Young's moduli above 1.3 GPa and tensile strength beyond 35.8 MPa, good dimensional and thermo‐oxidative stability. They also exhibited clear hydrophilic‐hydrophobic phase‐separation morphology. The proton conductivity is higher than 0.1 S cm−1 for the c‐SPFAES membranes with IEC over 1.38 mmol g−1 at 60 °C. In a H2/O2 single cell test, the maximum power density of the c‐SPFAES‐1.61 membrane achieves 587 mW cm−2 at 80 °C under fully hydrated state. The c‐SPFAES membrane show promising potentials as a polymer electrolyte membrane candidate for fuel cell applications.

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“…In addition, the copolymers synthesized via this method improved the ionization of sulfonate groups and thermal stability due to the electron withdrawing effect of carbonyl group. 5 During the past years, many sulfonated monomers were prepared and employed in direct synthesis of sulfonated aromatic polymers, such as disodium 3,3′-disulfonate-4,4′-dichlorodiphenylsulfone for SPES, 22 –24 sodium 5,5′-carbonylbis(2-fluorobenzenesulfonate) for sulfonated poly(arylene ether ketone), 25 4,4′-diamino-biphenyl-2,2′-disulfonic acid for sulfonated polyimides, 26 and so on.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and properties of sulfonated poly(arylene ether ketone sulfone) copolymer

Shen

Dong

Wang

et al. 2015

High Performance Polymers

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A series of novel sulfonated poly(arylene ether ketone sulfone)s copolymer (SPAEKS-x) were synthesized by polycondensation reaction of commercial 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, 4,4 0 -dichlorodiphenylsulfone, 4,4 0 -dihydroxydiphenylether, and 3,3 0 disulfonate-4,4 0 -difluorobenzophenone. The degree of sulfonation was realized by controlling quantities of the sulfonated monomer. The structure of SPAEKS-x was confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared instrument. The tough, flexible, and transparent films of SPAEKS-x were obtained by solution casting. These membranes with desired ion-exchange capacity (IEC) values showed good thermal stability and mechanical properties. The proton conductivity of SPAEKS-x with the IEC of 1.44 meq. g À1 is very close to that of Nafion 117 in a temperature range from 20 C to 100 C. SPAEKS-x copolymers, which combine the advantages of the sufficiently high proton transport conductivity and enhanced physical properties, will be the potential alternative materials to Nafion for proton exchange membrane fuel cell.

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Cross‐linked Poly(arylene ether ketone) Proton Exchange Membranes with High Ion Exchange Capacity for Fuel Cells

Cited by 24 publications

References 42 publications

Frontiers of Membrane Desalination Processes for Brackish Water Treatment: A Review

Frontiers of Membrane Desalination Processes for Brackish Water Treatment: A Review

Sulfonated Oligomer‐crosslinked Fluorinated Poly(aryl ether sulfone)‐based Proton Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cells

Synthesis and properties of sulfonated poly(arylene ether ketone sulfone) copolymer

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