Croissance et pauvreté à Madagascar : un aperçu de la dernière décennie (1997-2007)

Gubert, Flore; Robilliard, Anne-Sophie

doi:10.4000/books.irdeditions.1876

Cited by 6 publications

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“…The political crisis had disastrous effects on the economy: GDP collapsed by 12.7% and inflation was close to 16% in 2002 (Gubert and Robilliard, 2010). Exports and foreign direct investments fell sharply, unemployment rose by 71% between mid-2001 and the end of 2002 (Cling et al, 2005).…”

Section: Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Informal versus Formal: A Panel Data Analysis of Earnings Gaps in Madagascar

Nordman

Rakotomanana²,

Roubaud

2016

World Development

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In spite of its predominant economic weight in developing countries, little is known about informal sector income dynamics vis-à-vis the formal sector. Some works have been done in this field using household surveys, but they only consider some emerging Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia and Mexico;Gong et al., 2004;Perry et al., 2007; Bargain and Kwenda, 2011) and more recently South Africa, Ghana and Tanzania for Africa (Falco et al., 2010) and Vietnam for Asia (Nguyen et al., 2011). As a matter of consequence, there is still no way to generalize the (diverging) results to very poor part of the developing world. Taking advantage of the rich 1-2-3 Surveys dataset in Madagascar, in particular its four waves panel data (2000, 2001, 2003 and 2004), we assess the magnitude of various formal/informal sector earnings gaps while addressing heterogeneity issues at three different levels: the worker, the job (wage employment vs. selfemployment) and the earnings distribution. The questions asked are the following: Is there an informal sector job earnings penalty? Do some informal sector jobs provide pecuniary premiums? Which ones? Do possible gaps vary along the earnings distribution? Standard earnings equations are estimated at the mean and at various conditional quantiles of the earnings distribution. In particular, we estimate fixed effects quantile regressions to control for unobserved individual characteristics, focusing particularly on heterogeneity within both the formal and informal sector categories. Our results suggest that the informal sector earnings gap highly depends on the workers' job status and on their relative position in the earnings distribution. Penalties may in some cases turn into premiums. By comparing our results with studies in other developing countries, we draw conclusions highlighting the Madagascar's labour market specificity.JEL Classification: J21, J23, J24, J31, O17.

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Section: Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Informal versus Formal: A Panel Data Analysis of Earnings Gaps in Madagascar

Nordman

Rakotomanana²,

Roubaud

2016

World Development

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“…In Madagascar, this model was promoted in the 1990s as part of the Washington Consensus [119]. It was accompanied by a shift in the way in which local communities and farmers were represented, no longer being the "enemies of nature" but as "premodern" and caught up in the "spiral of vicious circles": strong demographic growth that generated poverty, which in turn caused the deterioration of natural resources [120][121][122][123]. For the World Bank experts who contributed to the problematisation of the Malagasy environmental issue, part of the solution therefore resides in the fight against rural poverty in all its forms (land security, agricultural intensification, income-generating activities, etc.)…”

Section: Movements At the Heart Of The Emergence Of The Concept Of Biocultural Diversity And Their Influence On Conservation Policies In mentioning

confidence: 99%

Protecting Traditional Knowledge through Biocultural Community Protocols in Madagascar: Do Not Forget the “B” in BCP

Rakotondrabe

Girard

2021

Sustainability

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As in many other countries in the south, the traditional knowledge (TK) of local communities in Madagascar is facing extinction. Biocultural community protocols (BCP), introduced in Madagascar following the implementation of the Nagoya Protocol (2010) and defined by the Mo’otz Kuxtal Voluntary Guidelines as “a wide range of expressions, articulations, rules and practices produced by communities to indicate how they wish to engage in negotiations with stakeholders”, holds out hopes for TK protection. By analysing two pilot BCPs in Madagascar, one established around the Motrobe (Cinnamosma fragrans) with a view to strengthening the existing value chain (BCP in Mariarano and Betsako) and the second initially established around plant genetic resources for food and agriculture (BCP of the farmers in Analavory), this study aims to assess the place and value ascribed to TK in the overall BCP development process and to analyse whether or not the process has helped to strengthen and revitalise TK at the community level. The ethnographic studies show commonalities in both BCP, in particular their main focus on access and benefit-sharing mechanisms, this against the backdrop of an economic model which stresses the importance of financial and institutional incentives; and conversely, a relative disregard for what relates to the biocultural dimension of TK. Local taboos (fady) as well as traditional dina (social conventions), which have long allowed for the regulation of access to common resources/TK, are scarcely mentioned. Based on these findings, we conclude that in order to revitalise TK, the process of developing BCPs should recognise and give special importance to TK, considering it as a biocultural whole, bound together with the territory, local customs, and biological resources; or else, TK is likely to remain a commodity to be valued economically, or a component like any other.

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“…As shown in Figure 1, the political crisis had disastrous effects on the economy: GDP declined by 12.7% and inflation was close to 16% in 2002 (Gubert and Robilliard, 2010). Exports and foreign direct investments fell sharply, unemployment rose by 71% between mid-2001 and the end of 2002 (Cling, et al, 2005).…”

Section: The Economic and Political Context In Madagascar (1995-2005)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, unemployment doubled between 2001 and 2005 and in the main urban areas increased from 4.4% to 12%. Income per capita in 2004 also remained under its pre-crisis level (Gubert and Robilliard, 2010). The growth process registered at the national level until 2001 is confirmed by the survey data that will be used in this paper (see Section 4).…”

Section: The Economic and Political Context In Madagascar (1995-2005)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Informal sector dynamics in times of fragile growth: The case of Madagascar

Vaillant

Grimm²,

Lay³

et al. 2014

Eur J Dev Res

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This paper investigates the dynamics of the informal sector in Madagascar during a period of fragile growth. Overall, the behavior of informal firms in terms of earnings, employment and capital accumulation points to a degree of heterogeneity which goes beyond a simple dualistic model and even a more refined model that would distinguish between an upper entrepreneurial and a lower subsistence tier within the informal sector. However, in line with the dualistic model, the informal sector indeed fulfils a labor absorbing function in times of crisis. During the growth period we see capital accumulation in most of the sectors and lots of evidence that households expand their activities. However, this happens mainly through the creation of new firms instead of the expansion of existing ones, which is consistent with much higher returns at very low levels of capital. More rapid expansion can be observed in sectors that operate with lower capital intensity, which is also consistent with risk or credit constraints as major deterrents to expansion. While there is some indication that total factor productivity increased over time, returns to capital and labor where not higher at the end of the observation period than at the beginning. Returns are also rather low at high levels of capital. These findings point to a limited growth potential of the informal sector as a whole. The heterogeneity in capital returns hints at large inefficiencies in allocating capital across informal firms.Keywords: Informal sector, microenterprise, firm growth, capital returns, Madagascar. RésuméCet article examine la dynamique du secteur informel à Madagascar pendant une période de croissance fragile. Le comportement des firmes informelles en termes de revenus, d'emploi et d'accumulation du capital suggère un degré d'hétérogénéité allant au-delà du modèle dualiste classique, et même d'un modèle plus fin distinguant, au sein du secteur informel, un segment entrepreneurial et un segment de subsistance. Cependant, conformément au modèle dualiste, le secteur informel a absorbé le surplus de travail en temps de crise. Pendant la période de croissance, on constate une accumulation de capital dans la plupart des secteurs d'activité et une expansion des activités des ménages. Ceci se traduit pourtant principalement par la création de nouvelles firmes plutôt que par la croissance de firmes existantes, en lien avec des rendements beaucoup plus élevés à des faibles niveaux de capital. Une expansion plus rapide peut être observée dans les secteurs à faible intensité capitalistique, ce qui tend également à confirmer que le risque et les contraintes de crédit sont des obstacles à l'expansion. Alors que les résultats montrent que la productivité totale des facteurs a augmenté, les rendements du capital et du travail ne sont pas plus élevés à la fin de la période étudiée qu'au début. Les rendements sont également plutôt faibles à des niveaux élevés de capital. Ces résultats indiquent un potentiel de croissance globalement limité des firmes informelles....

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Croissance et pauvreté à Madagascar : un aperçu de la dernière décennie (1997-2007)

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Informal versus Formal: A Panel Data Analysis of Earnings Gaps in Madagascar

Informal versus Formal: A Panel Data Analysis of Earnings Gaps in Madagascar

Protecting Traditional Knowledge through Biocultural Community Protocols in Madagascar: Do Not Forget the “B” in BCP

Informal sector dynamics in times of fragile growth: The case of Madagascar

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