Croatian

Abstract

Croatian is one of the South Slavic languages. There are three main dialects Stokavian, Kajkavian and Cakavian, named after the different forms of the interrogative pronoun meaning 'what' /JW, /kaj/ and /tja/, orthographically sto, kaj, 6a. Standard Croatian was established in the 18th and 19th centuries and is based on Stokavian, as is Standard Serbian. However, the two standard languages are based on different subdialects, Ijekavian and Ekavian respectively. prst bijelo Conventions hayfork 'only' 'dog' 'by, at' 'stave' 'fairies' 'appetite' 'belt 1 'code' 'rainbow' 'finger' 'white' (adj)

In search of isoglosses: continuous and discrete language embeddings in Slavic historical phonology

“…We converted forms in modern Slavic languages to a narrow phonetic representation using IPA transcriptions from Wiktionary (https: //www.wiktionary.org), which were used to train a neural encoder-decoder; these models were used to obtain IPA transcriptions for forms not in Wiktionary, and a portion was checked manually. In several cases we reconciled sources used in the etymological dictionary (e.g., Pleteršnik, 1894) with contemporary standardized orthographies, and made use of phonetic descriptions for languages where the training data were problematic (Schuster-Šewc, 1968;Lencek, 1982;Scatton, 1984;Comrie and Corbett, 1993;Ternes and Vladimirova-Buhtz, 1990;Landau et al, 1995;Šuštaršič et al, 1995;Dankovičová, 1997;Jassem, 2003;Gussmann, 2007;Stadnik-Holzer, 2009;Hanulíková and Hamann, 2010;Mojsijenko et al, 2010;Yanushevskaya and Bunčić, 2015;Howson, 2017Howson, , 2018Pompino-Marschall et al, 2017). For the medieval languages Old Church Slavic and Church Slavic, orthographic forms were converted to a broad phonemic transcription based on Lunt (2001).…”

Segmental Acquisition in Adult ESL Learners: A Longitudinal Study of Vowel Production

“…These groups were chosen partly to permit comparisons of learners from two unrelated language families but also because speakers of these languages were readily available for participation. The participants all spoke L1s with smaller vowel inventories than English, ranging from five phonemic categories for Croatian (Landau, Loncaric, Horga, & Skaric, 1999) and Russian (Padgett, 2004) to six for Ukrainian (Liljencrants & Lindblom, 1972) and Mandarin (Chen, Robb, Gilbert, & Lerman, 2001; but see also Svantesson, 1984). All of these languages have /i/, /a/, and /u/, whereas none has the English lax vowels / i /and as phonemes.…”

Place of articulation of anterior nasal versus oral stops in Croatian

“…Of the ten previously reviewed literature sources, six describe //, // and // as having a similar place of articulation: dental (three sources) or dentoalveolar (three sources) (Miletić 1933, Brozović 1991, Jelaska 2004, Barić et al 2005, Težak & Babić 2005, Silić & Pranjković 2007), three state that // differs in the place of articulation form // and // (Bakran 1996, Landau et al 1999, Škarić 2007), while Škarić (1991) essentially agrees with the view that all three consonants have similar place of articulation (dental or dentoalveolar), but notes that the nasal could also be classified as alveolar. The results from this study generally agree with the three sources showing that all three consonants have a similar place of articulation in the dentoalveolar region.…”

“…There is disagreement among authors about the exact placement of the Croatian nasal //. Out of ten frequently used handbooks and grammars, three describe // exclusively as dental (Brozović 1991: 404; Barić et al 2005: 51; Silić & Pranjković 2007: 13), three describe it exclusively as alveolar (Bakran 1996: 58; Landau et al 1999: 66; Škarić 2007: 64), two as dentoalveolar (Miletić 1933: 45, 46; Težak & Babić 2005: 55), and two authors assign several places of articulation: alveolar and dental (Jelaska 2004: 49) and dental, dentoalveolar and alveolar (Škarić 1991: 125). The articulation of // within the oral cavity is often compared with the articulation of // and // (especially with the voiced //).…”

“…Although there is some disagreement about the place of articulation of // and //, the majority of authors view their place of articulation as dental (Brozović 1991, Landau et al 1999, Barić et al 2005, Silić & Pranjković 2007, Škarić 2007), while in three sources they are defined as dentoalveolar (Miletić 1933, Bakran 1996, Težak & Babić 2005), and one author describes them as alveolar and dental (Jelaska 2004). However, Jelaska (2004) cautions that // and // can also be produced at a dental place of articulation, thus partly agreeing with the majority.…”