Critical Review

Ginzel, K. H.; Maritz, Gert S.; Marks, David F; Neuberger, Manfred; Pauly, Jim R.; Polito, John R.; Schulte‐Hermann, Rolf; Slotkin, Theodore A.

doi:10.1177/1359105307074240

Cited by 80 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 66 publications

(61 reference statements)

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“…Animal research supports hypothesis that nicotine exposure after the prenatal period has persistent damaging effects on the brain, including cognitive deficits. 53,86,87 These data justify an extremely cautious approach toward children’s exposure to developmental toxicants such as nicotine. Clean air laws and smoke-free rules have been a critical component of reducing children’s exposure to tobacco smoke.…”

Section: Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nicotine and the Developing Human

England¹,

Bunnell²,

Pechacek³

et al. 2015

American Journal of Preventive Medicine

272

133

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The elimination of cigarettes and other combusted tobacco products in the U.S. would prevent tens of millions of tobacco-related deaths. It has been suggested that the introduction of less harmful nicotine delivery devices, such as electronic cigarettes or other electronic nicotine delivery systems, will accelerate progress toward ending combustible cigarette use. However, careful consideration of the potential adverse health effects from nicotine itself is often absent from public health debates. Human and animal data support that nicotine exposure during periods of developmental vulnerability (fetal through adolescent stages) has multiple adverse health consequences, including impaired fetal brain and lung development, and altered development of cerebral cortex and hippocampus in adolescents. Measures to protect the health of pregnant women and children are needed and could include (1) strong prohibitions on marketing that increase youth uptake; (2) youth access laws similar to those in effect for other tobacco products; (3) appropriate health warnings for vulnerable populations; (4) packaging to prevent accidental poisonings; (5) protection of non-users from exposure to secondhand electronic cigarette aerosol; (6) pricing that helps minimize youth initiation and use; (7) regulations to reduce product addiction potential and appeal for youth; and (8) the age of legal sale.

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Section: Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nicotine and the Developing Human

England¹,

Bunnell²,

Pechacek³

et al. 2015

American Journal of Preventive Medicine

272

133

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“…Nicotine contributes in large measure to the developmental neurotoxicity of tobacco smoke exposure by interfering with trophic signals that control neuronal cell replication, differentiation, synaptic connectivity and neural circuits underlying behavioral function (Dwyer et al, 2008; Slotkin, 2004, 2008). Consequently, tobacco cessation strategies that utilize nicotine replacement may not avoid neurodevelopmental damage to the fetus (Ginzel et al, 2007; Pauly and Slotkin, 2008; Slotkin, 2008) and the increasing popularity of recreational nicotine delivery products, such as e-cigarettes, may soon reverse the recent progress in reducing fetal nicotine exposure (Ginzel et al, 2007). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal nicotine changes the response to postnatal chlorpyrifos: Interactions targeting serotonergic synaptic function and cognition

Slotkin

Skavicus

Levin

et al. 2015

Brain Research Bulletin

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Nicotine and chlorpyrifos are developmental neurotoxicants that target serotonin systems. We examined whether prenatal nicotine exposure alters the subsequent response to chlorpyrifos given postnatally. Pregnant rats received nicotine throughout gestation at 3 mg/kg/day, a regimen designed to achieve plasma levels seen in smokers; chlorpyrifos was given to pups on postnatal days (PN) 1–4 at 1 mg/kg, just above the detection threshold for brain cholinesterase inhibition. We assessed long-term effects from adolescence (PN30) through full adulthood (PN150), measuring the expression of serotonin receptors and serotonin turnover (index of presynaptic impulse activity) in cerebrocortical brain regions encompassing the projections that are known targets for nicotine and chlorpyrifos. Nicotine or chlorpyrifos individually increased the expression of serotonin receptors, with greater effects on males than on females and with distinct temporal and regional patterns indicative of adaptive synaptic changes rather than simply an extension of initial injury. This interpretation was confirmed by our finding an increase in serotonin turnover, connoting presynaptic serotonergic hyperactivity. Animals receiving the combined treatment showed a reduction in these adaptive effects on receptor binding and turnover relative to the individual agents, or even an effect in the opposite direction; further, normal sex differences in serotonin receptor concentrations were dissipated or reversed, an effect that was confirmed by behavioral evaluations in the Novel Objection Recognition Test. In addition to the known liabilities associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy, our results point to additional costs in the form of heightened vulnerability to neurotoxic chemicals encountered later in life.

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“…Die gepoolte risk-ratio (RR) für den Rauchstopp während der Schwangerschaft lag unter NRT bei 1,63 (95 % CI 0, 14), was keine Empfehlung für eine NRT zulässt. Auf der anderen Seite wird vor Nikotinwirkungen auf den Fetus gewarnt [166] und auf die Vorteile nichtmedikamentöser Entwöhnungshilfen hingewiesen [167][168][169]. In einer Cochrane Analyse [170] zeigte sich, dass 24 % der Frauen mit dem Rauchen aufhörten, wenn sie fi nanzielle Anreize erhielten, in den USA konnte zudem die Effi zienz der verhaltensmodifi zierenden "5A" Intervention belegt werden [171].…”

Section: Möglichkeiten Zur Intervention; Raucherinnenentwöhnungunclassified

“…Medikamentöse Interventionen erscheinen in der Schwangerschaft problematisch, weil Substanzen wie Bupropion die Plazentaschranke passieren [173]. Bei der aktuellen Datenlage können weder Bupropion noch Vareniclin in der Schwangerschaft empfohlen werden [164][165][166][167][168][169][170][171][172][173][174][175][176], für die NRT hingegen fehlt zurzeit der Nachweis einer ausreichenden Wirksamkeit [177] und es bestehen toxikologische Bedenken wegen unerwünschter Nebenwirkungen [56,166], vor allem auf das fetale Gehirn [178]. Medikamente einschließlich Nikotinersatz sollten daher vor Eintritt einer Schwangerschaft die Entwöhnung erleichtern, während Schwangeren psychotherapeutische Hilfen angeboten werden sollten.…”

Section: Möglichkeiten Zur Intervention; Raucherinnenentwöhnungunclassified

Das Fetale Tabaksyndrom – Ein Statement der Österreichischen Gesellschaften für Allgemein- und Familienmedizin (ÖGAM), Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe (ÖGGG), Hygiene, Mikrobiologie und Präventivmedizin (ÖGHMP), Kinder- und Jugendheilkunde (ÖGKJ) sowie Pneumologie (ÖGP)

Horák

Fazekas

Zacharasiewicz

et al. 2011

Wien Klin Wochenschr

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Over more than 50 years, the nocuous effects of smoking in pregnancy on the fetus are well known. In the first years of science the focus was primarily on restricted fetal growth while in more recent years over 10.000 studies investigated the incomparably big sum of detrimental effects for the unborn's health. In this statement we want to present the recent scientific findings on this topic. The statement is aimed to show all doctors who treat pregnant women the present situation and evidence. In the beginning we give a short overview about the epidemiological situation in Europe. Then we present step by step the health effects with regards to pathophysiology and clinics. Furthermore the reader will learn about possibilities for smoking cessation in pregnancy. The problem of passive-smoking in pregnancy will be dealt with in a separate chapter. At present there is strong evidence that pregnant smoking has a detrimental effect on birth-weight, placenta-associated disease, stillbirth, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), childhood overweight, clefts, lung function, asthma, cardiovascular diseases and mental developmental disorders. These factors can be summarized by the term Fetal Tobacco Syndrome. There is supply for more studies for less investigated health effects. Pregnancy is a chance to stop smoking as most women show a high motivation in this period. Hence doctors of all disciplines should inform pregnant women about the detrimental effects of smoking on their unborn child and show them possibilities for smoking cessation.

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Critical Review

Cited by 80 publications

References 66 publications

Nicotine and the Developing Human

Nicotine and the Developing Human

Prenatal nicotine changes the response to postnatal chlorpyrifos: Interactions targeting serotonergic synaptic function and cognition

Das Fetale Tabaksyndrom – Ein Statement der Österreichischen Gesellschaften für Allgemein- und Familienmedizin (ÖGAM), Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe (ÖGGG), Hygiene, Mikrobiologie und Präventivmedizin (ÖGHMP), Kinder- und Jugendheilkunde (ÖGKJ) sowie Pneumologie (ÖGP)

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