Critical evaluation of microextraction pretreatment techniques – Part 1: Single drop and sorbent‐based techniques

Abstract

Sample pretreatment techniques or preconcentration constitute a very important step before the analysis of environmental, clinical, pharmaceutical, and other complex samples. Thanks to extraction techniques it is possible to achieve higher method sensitivities and selectivities. Miniaturization microextraction methods make them more environmentally friendly and only small amounts of samples are required. In the past 30 years, a number of microextraction methods have been developed and used and are documented in thousands of articles. Many reviews have been written focusing on their use in specified professional fields or on the latest trends. Unfortunately, no uniform nomenclature has been introduced for these methods. Therefore, this review attempts to classify all the essential microextraction techniques and describes their advantages, disadvantages, and the latest innovations. The methods are divided into two main groups: single drop and sorbent‐based techniques according to the type of extraction phase.

Overview of Different Modes and Applications of Liquid Phase-Based Microextraction Techniques

“…Thus, SDME approaches are cost-effective and less nocive to the environment, supporting green analytical chemistry principles. Nevertheless, SDME approaches also present some disadvantages, the most obvious being the instability of the extraction drop [5,42,43], particularly at high stirring and high temperature [44]. Furthermore, it is an equilibrium-based technique, therefore limiting the enrichment factor that it is possible to attain [45].…”

Liquid phase microextraction techniques combined with chromatography analysis: a review

“…To further facilitate the extractant transfer after the microextraction process, solidification of organic drop was proposed [54]. Organic solvents with melting point in the range of 10-25°C such as 1-undecanol, 1-and 2-dodecanol, and n-hexadecane have been used as extraction solvents in the DLLME variant named solidification of floating organic droplets (SFOD-DLLME) [55,56].…”

Development of a β-cyclodextrin-modified gold nanoparticle-assisted electromembrane extraction method followed by capillary electrophoresis for methadone determination in plasma

“…In the last few decades, scientists focused on miniaturization, efficiency, sensitivity, and environmentally friendly pretreatment techniques such as solid-phase extraction (SPE), solvent bar microextraction, headspace solid-phase microextraction, liquid-phase microextraction, and electromembrane extraction (EME). 12,13 Among these emerging techniques, fast, excellent sample clean-up and highly selective extraction can be obtained with EME. 14 With this method, charged analytes are extracted across a supported liquid membrane (SLM) on a microporous polypropylene hollow ber (HF) based on electrokinetic migration.…”