Critical Age Windows for Neurodevelopmental Psychiatric Disorders: Evidence from Animal Models

Marco, Eva M.; Macrı̀, Simone; Laviola, Giovanni

doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-0785-0_26

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 241 publications

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“…The alterations are present already in the adolescent brain (Alteba et al, 2016; Marco et al, 2014). Clinical and experimental data show that environmental stress posed on the individual during highly plastic stages of brain development (e.g., pregnancy, childhood, and adolescence) may result in emotional disturbances (Hauser, Feldon, & Pryce, 2009; Marco et al, 2011; Marco, Macrì, & Laviola, 2011). In particular, severe stress during pregnancy, childhood neglect, or abuse have been correlated with increased risk toward stress‐related disorders and psychopathology (Ceci et al, 2014; Dudley, Li, Kobor, Kippin, & Bredy, 2011; Heim & Nemeroff, 2002).…”

Section: The Ecs Is Affected By Early Life Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early life stress and development of the endocannabinoid system: A bidirectional process in programming future coping

Ferber

Trezza

Weller

2019

Developmental Psychobiology

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The endocannabinoid system (ECS) critically regulates stress responsivity and emotional behavior throughout development. It regulates anxiety‐like behaviors in humans and animal models. In addition, it is sensitive to early life stress at the gene expression level in a sex‐dependent and region‐dependent manner, and these changes are already evident in the adolescent brain. The ECS modulates the neuroendocrine and behavioral effects of stress, and is also capable of being affected by stress exposure itself. Early life stress interferes with the development of corticolimbic circuits, a major location of endocannabinoid receptors, and increases vulnerability to adult psychopathology. Early life stress alters the ontogeny of the ECS, resulting in a sustained deficit in its function, particularly within the hippocampus. Specifically, exposure to early stress results in bidirectional changes in anandamide and 2‐AG tissue levels within the amygdala and hippocampus and reduces hippocampal endocannabinoid function at puberty. CB1 receptor densities across all brain regions are downregulated later in life following exposure to early life stress. Manipulations affecting the glucocorticoid and the endocannabinoid systems persistently adjust individual emotional responses and synaptic plasticity. This review aims to show the bidirectional trajectories of endocannabinoid modulation of emotionality in reaction to early life stress.

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Section: The Ecs Is Affected By Early Life Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early life stress and development of the endocannabinoid system: A bidirectional process in programming future coping

Ferber

Trezza

Weller

2019

Developmental Psychobiology

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“…Among all ages evaluated, adolescence is a critical period of brain plasticity during which most drug addicts initiate their use (early drug use being a strong predictor of the transition to addiction), and therefore an age period exceptionally vulnerable to both social and neurobiological influence. In fact, a disruption in normal brain development during adolescence, such as early drug use, has also been hypothesized as a risk factor for developing psychiatric comorbidity (Marco et al, 2011; Schepis et al, 2008; Volkow, 2004; Zhu et al, 2016). In this context, the present study aimed at extending prior knowledge on the effects of cocaine exposure during adolescence on negative affect in adulthood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adolescent cocaine exposure enhanced negative affect following drug re-exposure in adult rats: Attenuation of c-Fos activation

García-Cabrerizo

García-Fuster

2018

J Psychopharmacol

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Background: The goal of the present study was to utilize the adolescent drug experience as an emerging vulnerability factor for developing psychiatric comorbidities in adulthood that could, in turn, help to elucidate and/or hypothesize possible mechanisms contributing to higher relapse rates. Outcomes: The current results showed that adolescent cocaine exposure (15 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, seven days) during early–mid adolescence (postnatal days 33–39) enhanced negative affect in adulthood, by increasing behavioral despair following drug re-exposure and by increasing anhedonia. Thus, these behavioral data provided a good model to further ascertain the long-term cellular and molecular adaptations that might take place in the brain in response to adolescent cocaine exposure as well as the impact of drug re-exposure in adulthood. In this regard, the results showed that adolescent cocaine exposure did not modulate cell proliferation (Ki-67+ cells) or c-Fos protein activation in the dentate gyrus region of the hippocampus, but attenuated c-Fos activation in the dorsal striatum. Conclusions: These results proved that a history of cocaine exposure during adolescence increased the vulnerability to induce negative affect (i.e. emergence of psychiatric comorbidity) in adulthood while it decreased neuronal activation in the dorsal striatum. Interestingly, these effects were only observed following cocaine re-exposure in adulthood, suggesting that avoiding drug contact in adulthood could prevent the long-term negative effects induced by adolescent cocaine.

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“…This raises the question of whether improving CRF could also reduce the burden of depression among adolescents with BD. Given that the adolescent years are thought to be an especially crucial time period for brain development, and given that exercise routines established in adolescence tend to carry forward later in life, it is important to identify ways of optimizing CRF in adolescents with BD 49,50 . Remarkably, thus far, there are no published intervention studies in the world literature that focus on increasing CRF in any BD age group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given that the adolescent years are thought to be an especially crucial time period for brain development, and given that exercise routines established in adolescence tend to carry forward later in life, it is important to identify ways of optimizing CRF in adolescents with BD. 49,50…”

Section: Ta B L E 2 Physical Activity and Exercise Session Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical and neuroimaging correlates of cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents with bipolar disorder

et al. 2020

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Introduction: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is exceedingly prevalent, and occurs prematurely in individuals with bipolar disorder (BD). Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), arguably the most important modifiable CVD risk factor, is also associated with brain structure and function. There is a gap in knowledge regarding CRF in BD, particularly in relation to brain structure.Methods: Adolescents with BD (n = 54) and healthy controls (HC; n = 53) completed semi-structured diagnostic interviews, self-report questionnaires, and 20 minutes of cardiorespiratory exercise at 60-80% of estimated maximum heart rate (HR) on a bicycle ergometer. Average power (watts/kg) within this HR range served as a previously validated proxy for CRF. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) structural analysis was done using FreeSurfer. Analyses controlled for age and sex.Results: CRF was significantly lower in BD vs HC (0.91 ± 0.32 vs 1.01 ± 0.30, p = 0.03, F = 4.66, df=1, η 2 =0.04). Within BD, greater depression symptoms were associated with lower CRF (P = .02), and greater physical activity (PA) was associated with greater CRF (P < .001). In multivariable analyses, there were significant main effects of diagnosis (HC>BD; P = .03) and sex (M > F; P < .001) on power. Significant predictors of power within BD included male sex (P = .02) and PA (P = .002) but not depression symptoms (P = .29). Significant diagnosis by CRF interaction effects was found in frontal, parietal, and occipital cortical regions. Conclusion:CRF was reduced among adolescents with BD, particularly women, related in part to depression symptoms and inactivity and was differentially associated with regional brain structure. Studies seeking to improve CRF as a means of reducing psychiatric symptoms of BD are warranted.

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Critical Age Windows for Neurodevelopmental Psychiatric Disorders: Evidence from Animal Models

Cited by 6 publications

References 241 publications

Early life stress and development of the endocannabinoid system: A bidirectional process in programming future coping

Early life stress and development of the endocannabinoid system: A bidirectional process in programming future coping

Adolescent cocaine exposure enhanced negative affect following drug re-exposure in adult rats: Attenuation of c-Fos activation

Clinical and neuroimaging correlates of cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents with bipolar disorder

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