Criminal groups and transnational illegal markets

Bruinsma, Gerben; Bernasco, Wim

doi:10.1023/b:cris.0000015283.13923.aa

Cited by 161 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…However, Bruinsma & Bernasco (2004) saw the large figures of men and women that sale sex in Netherlands as a trend that can call for legal demand for sexual services, but they admit that, in the case of trafficking in women "we find a legal market, as such, which is partly serviced via illegal activities, where the women are subject to duress, blackmail and deprived of their liberty" (p 84). Some of these prostitutes come to work in the country as a consequence of illegal trafficking in women or through trafficking in minors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some of these prostitutes come to work in the country as a consequence of illegal trafficking in women or through trafficking in minors. These victims of trafficking come from all over the world, Nigeria (13 percent), North Africa (5 percent), Latin America (22 percent), Middle and Eastern Europe (19 percent) and even from the Netherlands itself (32 percent) (Bruinsma & Bernasco, 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some of them are forced into this commercial sex activity in the foreign countries (Godano, 2015). The working method in transnational trafficking in women can be roughly divided into three phases (Bruinsma & Bernasco, 2004): recruitment of women in the country of origin, transportation of women to the destination country and (sale and) sexual exploitation of women in the destination country. Local criminals usually carry out recruitment in the country of origin.…”

Section: Human Trafficking and Transnational Commercial Sex By Nigerimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Approximately half the women have already been working as prostitutes in the country of origin (Bruinsma & Bernasco, 2004). In many cases the women know or suspect that prostitution is involved, but they have a rose-tinted idea of what prostitution is in the West.…”

Section: Human Trafficking and Transnational Commercial Sex By Nigerimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In many cases the women know or suspect that prostitution is involved, but they have a rose-tinted idea of what prostitution is in the West. They are generally not well aware that they will in fact be brutally exploited (Bruinsma & Bernasco, 2004). Nnadi (2013) observe that, domestic and international trafficking of Nigerian women and children has been the trend in the last two decades.…”

Section: Human Trafficking and Transnational Commercial Sex By Nigerimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Changing Pattern Of Prostitution: An Assessment Of Transnational Commercial Sex Work By Nigerian Women

Ibrahim

Mukhtar²

2016

ESJ

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This paper is aimed at analyzing the changing pattern of prostitution. However, the definition of the act of prostitution has been metamorphosing for centuries from acceptable to illegal and then (in some jurisdictions) to criminal again, agitations by advocates have also necessitated the nomenclatural alteration from "prostitution" to "commercial sex work". The paper examined how development in information and communication technology allows commercial sex workers to make connections with clients through internet and sell sex on this platform. Globalization processes has also changed the pattern of this business to a transnational activity. Although there are many willing transnational commercial sex workers, but organized criminal syndicates are using this development to traffic some women and children with the false promises of getting a lucrative from overseas but ultimately subject them to sex exploitation, child prostitution and sex labor. As is the plight of some Nigerian women in Italy and other European, Middle Eastern and Asian countries, many women from developing countries are recruited into this institution through human trafficking. As a result of commercial sex many women and girls suffer sexual violence, sex exploitation, sexual abuse and contract STDs. To curtail these problems, governments and transnational institutions are therefore urged to develop mechanisms that can tackle these problems by providing women with decent employment opportunities and increase surveillance across national borders.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Human Trafficking and Transnational Commercial Sex By Nigerimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Human Trafficking and Transnational Commercial Sex By Nigerimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Human Trafficking and Transnational Commercial Sex By Nigerimentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Changing Pattern Of Prostitution: An Assessment Of Transnational Commercial Sex Work By Nigerian Women

Ibrahim

Mukhtar²

2016

ESJ

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Integer models and upper bounds for the 3‐club problem

Almeida

Carvalho

2012

Networks

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Given an undirected graph, the k -club problem seeks a maximum cardinality subset of nodes that induces a subgraph with diameter at most k . We present two new formulations for the 3-club problem: one is compact and the other has a nonpolynomial number of constraints. By defining an integer compact relaxation of the second formulation, we obtain a new upper bound on the 3-club optimum that improves on the 3-clique number bound. We derive new families of valid inequalities for the 3-club polytope and use them to strengthen the LP relaxations of the new models. The computational study is performed on 120 graphs with up to 200 nodes and edge densities reported in the literature to produce difficult instances of the 3-club problem. The results show that the new compact formulation is competitive with the exact solution methods reported in the literature, and that a large proportion of the LP gap is bridged with the new valid inequalities.

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