Creep and cycle life in polypyrrole actuators

Madden, John D. W.; Rinderknecht, Derek; Anquetil, Patrick A.; Hunter, Ian W.

doi:10.1016/j.sna.2006.03.016

Cited by 69 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Creep is known to occur within loaded PPy films 33,34 . In addition, the plasticizing effect of solvent molecules incorporated into polymer films is also known 35,36 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of film thickness on polypyrrole actuation assessed using novel non-contact strain measurements

Melling

Wilson

Jager

2013

Smart Mater. Struct.

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Micro-actuators have been developed that exploit the electrochemically induced volume change of the electro-active polymer polypyrrole. The strain regime is inherently complex at a physical level and whilst volume change can be estimated indirectly using, for instance, bending beam theory, such methods become unreliable for large deflections owing to limitations in the mathematical model. A new non-contact measuring technique based on laser micrometry is presented to characterize the timedependent expansion of electro-active films such as polypyrrole. Measurements have been made which demonstrate that the observed strain is dependent on film thickness. The new measurement technique is straightforward to perform and it is anticipated that it can be used for future materials development and performance assessment, including long term stability evaluations and operational failure studies of the films.

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“…Creep is known to occur within loaded PPy films 33,34 . In addition, the plasticizing effect of solvent molecules incorporated into polymer films is also known 35,36 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of film thickness on polypyrrole actuation assessed using novel non-contact strain measurements

Melling

Wilson

Jager

2013

Smart Mater. Struct.

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“…The displacement of the actuator continues to increase after 4 seconds, while the transfer function models have reached steady state. It is known that the displacement of conducting polymer trilayers continues to increase at longer time periods, due to effects such as creep [4,16] or slower changes in redox state, which are not accounted for in the fitted transfer functions models.…”

Section: Transfer Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency response of polypyrrole trilayer actuator displacement

John

Alici

Cook

2008

Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD) 2008

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“…This is attributed to an increase in solvent swelling and electrochemical creep 61,88 accompanying decreasing levels of crosslinking; behaviour which is well documented for other types of polymers and gels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Controlling the electro-mechanical performance of polypyrrole through 3- and 3,4-methyl substituted copolymers

2015

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Conducting polymers such as polypyrrole are biocompatible materials used in bioelectronic applications and microactuators for mechanobiology and soft microrobotics. The materials are commonly electrochemically synthesised from an electrolyte solution comprising pyrrole monomers and a salt, which is incorporated as the counter ion. This electrosynthesis results in polypyrrole forming a threedimensional network with extensive cross-linking in both the alpha and beta positions, which impacts the electro-mechanical performance. In this study we adopt a 'blocking strategy' to restrict and control cross-linking and chain branching through beta substitution of the monomer to investigate the effect of crosslinking on the electroactive properties. Methyl groups where used as blocking groups to minimise the impact on the pyrrole ring system. Pyrrole, 3-and 3,4-methyl substituted pyrrole monomers were electro-polymerised both as homo-polymers and as a series of co-polymer films. The electroactive performance of the films was characterised by measuring their electrochemical responses and their reversible and non-reversible film thickness changes. This showed that altering the degree of crosslinking through this blocking strategy had a large impact on the reversible and irreversible volume change. These results elaborate the importance of the polymer structure in the actuator performance, an aspect that has hitherto received little attention.

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Creep and cycle life in polypyrrole actuators

Cited by 69 publications

References 16 publications

The effect of film thickness on polypyrrole actuation assessed using novel non-contact strain measurements

The effect of film thickness on polypyrrole actuation assessed using novel non-contact strain measurements

Frequency response of polypyrrole trilayer actuator displacement

Controlling the electro-mechanical performance of polypyrrole through 3- and 3,4-methyl substituted copolymers

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