Creation and measurement of long-lived magnetic monopole currents in spin ice

Molecular Em Fields and Dynamical Responses in Solids With Magnetic Charges

“…But some key clues of these theories are serving of inspiration for understanding some experimental electromagnetic phenomenology raised on magnetic materials such as the spin-ices [11,12]. The presence of magnetic charges detected within the condensed matter does not correspond to elemental particles, but they are due to the spin flip occurrence in low energy excitation states of magnetic structures, such as the spin-ices, or by means of image states of external electrons in topological insulators [9].…”

“…Then the configuration suffers a change in such a way that the magnetic field sources are similar to those due to the existence of micromagnets with two poles, the denominated dumbbells [7,8,[10][11][12]19]. Then, each micromagnet can be considered as a pole-antipole pair which can be broken when the length of the string which form these pairs increases.…”

“…However, in a real state of this crystal different from that extremal gas situation, deconfined single monopoles of different charge sign can coexist with pole-antipole coupled micromagnets [11,12]. In this intermediate situation the classical field concepts should be considered in order to establish the equations that can be applied within the Classical Electrodynamics.…”

“…A contribution to the interpretation of these monopoles was carried out in 1938 by Jordan [2] and in 1974 Hooft [3] and Polyakov [4] introduced the magnetic monopole idea as a contribution to the second great unification of the three more intense forces, electromagnetic, weak nuclear and strong nuclear interactions. These and other theoretical analysis have provoked that the experimental pursuit of the magnetic monopole manifestation is an issue that is both liminal and subliminally present since 1982 [5] and now is receiving a payment of attention in both high energy physics [6] and solid state (SS) physics [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15].…”

“…The result is a density of dissociated pairs immersed in a system of non broken micromagnets. When the density of deconfined magnetic charges is sufficiently large, the system can be studied as an interacting gas of magnetic charges whose dynamics is controlled by the Coulomb-like interaction [7,8,11,12,19,22] …”