Creatine Supplementation and Exercise Performance: An Update

Williams, Melvin H.; Branch, John

doi:10.1080/07315724.1998.10718751

Cited by 146 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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confidence: 99%

The Biomechanic Origin of Sprint Performance Enhancement after One-Week Creatine Supplementation.

Schedel

Terrier²,

Schütz³

2000

JJP

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Creatine (Cr) is an endogenous as well as an exogenous compound related with high-energy metabolism [1,2]. During muscular exercise, ATP is directly used for mechanical contractions of actin and myosin filaments. The fastest anaerobic metabolic pathway to regenerate ATP is the utilization of phosphocreatine (PCr). However, the total pool of PCr is limited. The ingestion of exogenous Cr consequently increases intracellular Cr and PCr concentrations [3,4]. This increase could therefore theoretically improve muscular performance during anaerobic exercises. In parallel, an increase in body weight is also usually reported [1,5]. The exact origin of the ergogenic effect of Cr supplementation is unclear; in particular, the mechanism behind improvement in running performance. Experimentally, many studies have highlighted an ergogenic effect of Cr during anaerobic exercises, but some authors have shown no effect on anaerobic performance and even a negative effect [1].Sprint running is the archetype of anaerobic effort. The aim of sprinting exercise is to maximize external work to reach the maximal speed and to try to maintain it until the finishing line. Sprinting is therefore a good model to study the effective effect of Cr intake in anaerobic sports.Running speed is the product of stride length and stride frequency. In order to reach a maximal speed, the athlete tries to improve both parameters. Different studies suggested that stride length is of major importance in determining the speed of the sprinter [6,7].The purpose of this study was to clarify how 1 week of exogenous Cr (20 g/d) could affect average running performance during short-distance sprinting. The hypothesis was that biomechanically, speed enhancement after Cr intake can only be the result of an increase of stride frequency, stride length, or both of them [6]. The issue was to determine which of these three possibilities plays a role in the improvement of speed performance. Repeated sprint bouts were performed to highlight the effect of fatigue on average sprinting speed [1]. The biomechanical factors improving speed performance were determined using accelerometric measurements [8].Seven healthy male volunteers were selected to participate in our study. They gave and signed a written informed consent form in accordance with institutional guidelines of the Ethical Commission of the University of Lausanne and the Ethical Standards of Japanese Journal of Physiology, 50, 273-276, 2000 Key words: sprint exercises, accelerometry, stride frequency, ergogenic aid. Abstract:In order to test whether an improvement of maximal sprinting speed after creatine (Cr) supplementation was due to the increase of stride frequency (SF), stride length (SL) or both, 7 subjects ran 4 consecutive sprints after 1 week of placebo or Cr supplementation. SF and SL were assessed by a triaxial accelerometer. Compared to the placebo, Cr induced an increase of running speed (ϩ1.4% pϽ0.05) and SF (ϩ1.5%, pϽ0.01), but not of SL. The drop in performance following repeated sprints was pa...

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The Biomechanic Origin of Sprint Performance Enhancement after One-Week Creatine Supplementation.

Schedel

Terrier²,

Schütz³

2000

JJP

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“…Although the creatine kinase system is not the principal energy supplier during an 800 m wheelchair race, an increased level of phosphocreatine may possibly diminish lactic acid formation 20 and therefore enhance performance. This provides some evidence for the use of creatine supplementation for exercise bouts lasting longer than 30 s. In fact, a significant increase of 8.5% of time to exhaustion from 130 to 141 s at a workload corresponding to 125% of maximal oxygen uptake during cycle ergometry was demonstrated, 6 and Prevost et al 8 found a 23.5% increase of total work time during cycling at 150% peak oxygen uptake.…”

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confidence: 99%

Influence of creatine supplementation on 800 m wheelchair performance: a pilot study

2005

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Study design: Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomly assigned, crossover. Objective: To assess the influence of a short-term oral creatine supplementation on 800 m wheelchair performance. Setting: Swiss Paraplegic Centre, Nottwil, Switzerland. Subjects: In total, six (four male, two female subjects) competitive wheelchair athletes participated in the study. Their age was 33.079.1 years, height 171.577.7 cm and weight 63.176.2 kg. Average weekly training volume was 10.073.7 h. All of them have been engaged in regular training for over 10.577.2 years. Methods: During the two treatment periods, subjects ingested 4 Â 5 g of creatine monohydrate or placebo (maltodextrin) daily during 6 days in a randomised order. A washout period of 4 weeks lay in-between the two supplementation periods. Before and after each treatment period athletes performed an all-out 800 m wheelchair test on a training roller. Time to complete 800 m, rate of perceived exertion (RPE), lactate concentrations and heart rate were measured. Before each test, body weight was determined. Results: Times to complete 800 m before and after creatine supplementation (102.8713.9 versus 100.5711.3 s) compared to before and after placebo supplementation (101.6715.6 versus 99.5713.8 s) were not significantly different. Moreover, for all other parameters measured, no significant differences between creatine and placebo supplementation were found. Conclusion: A short-term oral creatine supplementation compared to placebo seems not to enhance performance over 800 m in trained, spinal cord-injured, wheelchair athletes.

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“…For at least 50 years, creatine is already well known to scientists and professional athletes (1). However, creatine supplementation with athletic intent began to gain popularity in the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona, when British sprinter Linford Christie won the 100-m dash and linked his gold medal to creatine intake (2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, creatine monohydrate supplementation aims to saturate the remaining 20 to 40% (5). Oral creatine monohydrate supplementation could increase the total amount of muscle creatine, which in turn could also increase free creatine and phosphocreatine (PCr) (1,6).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Creatine is a natural nutrient mainly found, in small amounts, in foods of animal origin (e.g., 2 g in 500 g of raw beef) (1) and is also endogenously synthesized in small amounts (1 g/day) by the liver, kidneys, and pancreas from the amino acids glycine, methionine, and arginine (3,4). In a standard omnivorous diet with an intake of 1 -2 g of creatine per day, the intramuscular creatine stores are between 60 and 80% saturated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Low-Dose Creatine Monohydrate on Muscle Strength and Endurance

et al. 2018

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To investigate the effect of low-dose supplementation of creatine monohydrate without the use of the saturation phase, 36 male university students engaged in resistance training (age 22.5 ± 4.3 years, height 1.76 ± 0.08 m, weight 77.0 ± 11.0 kg, and body mass index 24.6 ± 2.5 kg/m 2 ) were randomly divided into three groups: group placebo (GP), group supplemented with creatine 3 g/day (3G), and group supplemented with 5 g/day creatine (5G). The subjects were tested for maximum muscle strength (1RM), upper body muscle endurance (MPU), and abdominal muscle endurance (MSU) before and after 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days of creatine supplementation or placebo and performing standardized resistance training. After 35 days of supplementation and training, all groups showed a significant improvement in the 1RM test; however, the percentages of strength increase were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the groups supplemented with creatine (G3, ∆% 1RM = 20.0 ± 4.0; G5, ∆% 1RM = 19.9 ± 1.5) than in the placebo group (GP, ∆% 1RM = 10.3 ± 1.9). Upper limb muscle endurance showed a significant improvement only in 5G, ranging from 39.9 ± 7.9 MPU/min to 50.7 ± 11.0 MPU/min after 35 days of supplementation. Interestingly, abdominal muscle endurance showed no increase in any of the groups (GP, P > 0.528; G3, P > 0.076; G5, P > 0.148). These results support a number of earlier studies that demonstrated that creatine supplementation at low doses and without the use of the loading phase are effective for increasing maximal strength and endurance of upper limbs.

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Creatine Supplementation and Exercise Performance: An Update

Cited by 146 publications

References 35 publications

The Biomechanic Origin of Sprint Performance Enhancement after One-Week Creatine Supplementation.

The Biomechanic Origin of Sprint Performance Enhancement after One-Week Creatine Supplementation.

Influence of creatine supplementation on 800 m wheelchair performance: a pilot study

Effects of Low-Dose Creatine Monohydrate on Muscle Strength and Endurance

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